The regularities for the occurrence of the black‐white contrast on defocus electron microscope images of small dislocation loops in a “thick foil” are investigated using image simulation within the two‐beam dynamical theory in the column approximation. It is shown that at defocusing of the objective lens, the black‐white contrast is observed for loops located between visibility layers L1, L2,…, while it is absent in the case of precise focusing. The black‐white contrast regularities revealed permit to define the type of a loop (vacancy or interstitial).
Results are presented of experimental investigations of X‐ray diffraction at a shallow periodc surface relief. The intensity distribution of this diffraction at the reciprocal lattice point is dei scribed. The theoretical consideration is restricted to the kinematical approximation considering the diffraction of the substrate. Experimental triple‐crystal diffractometer spectra are shown confirming the correctness of the theoretical models used.
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