More than 30 years ago, the feasibility of detecting magnetic resonance in the Faraday-rotation noise spectrum of transmitted light was demonstrated experimentally. However, practical applications of this experimental approach have emerged only recently thanks, in particular, to a number of crucial technical advancements. This method has now become a popular and efficient tool for studying magnetic resonance and spin dynamics in atomic and solid-state paramagnets. In this paper, we present a review of research in the field of spin-noise spectroscopy, including its physical basis, its evolution since its first experimental demonstration, and its recent experimental advances. Main attention is paid to the specific capabilities of this technique that render it unique compared to other methods of magnetic and optical spectroscopy. The paper is primarily intended for experimentalists who may wish to use this novel optical technique.

Spontaneous fluctuations of the magnetization of a spin system in thermodynamic equilibrium (spin noise) manifest themselves as noise in the Faraday rotation of probe light. We show that the correlation properties of this noise over the optical spectrum can provide clear information about the composition of the spin system that is largely inaccessible for conventional linear optics. Such optical spectroscopy of spin noise, e.g., allows us to clearly distinguish between optical transitions associated with different spin subsystems, to resolve optical transitions that are unresolvable in the usual optical spectra, to unambiguously distinguish between homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened optical bands, and to evaluate the degree of inhomogeneous broadening. These new possibilities are illustrated by theoretical calculations and by experiments on paramagnets with different degrees of inhomogeneous broadening of optical transitions [atomic vapors of 41K and singly charged (In,Ga)As quantum dots].

We report on the first experimental observation of spin noise in a single semiconductor quantum well embedded into a microcavity. The great cavity-enhanced sensitivity to fluctuations of optical anisotropy has allowed us to measure the Kerr rotation and ellipticity noise spectra in the strong coupling regime. The spin noise spectra clearly show two resonant features: a conventional magneto-resonant component shifting towards higher frequencies with magnetic field and an unusual "nonmagnetic" component centered at zero frequency and getting suppressed with increasing magnetic field. We attribute the first of them to the Larmor precession of free electron spins, while the second one being presumably due to hyperfine electron-nuclei spin interactions.Introduction. In the present-day physics of semiconductor nanostructures, a considerable interest is shown for the fundamental spin-related properties which are also promising in applications. Among optical methods of spin dynamics studies, an important place is given to the Faraday-rotation-based spin noise spectroscopy (SNS) which became well-known and popular during the last several years [1]. The advantages of SNS are primarily owed to its nonperturbative nature because probing the sample response by a weak laser beam in the region of transparency does not lead to any real electronic transitions. Extreme smallness of the magnetization fluctuations detected with the SNS technique calls for the highest polarimetric sensitivity which is achieved by using various electronic or optical means. A real breakthrough occurred when the fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) spectrum analyzers were applied in electronics of the SNS technique [2]. The most straightforward optical way to enhance the polarimetric sensitivity implies increasing intensity of the probe light beam and, simultaneously, leaving the input power of photodetector on the admissible level. This can be implemented either by using highextinction polarization geometries [3] or by placing the sample inside a high-Q optical cavity [4]. In both cases, the light power density on the sample can be increased by a few orders of magnitude, with the light power on the photodetector and, therefore, the photocurrent shot noise remaining on the same low level.For low-dimensional semiconductor structures (quantum wells, wires and dots) the problem of polarimetric sensitivity is especially topical. In Ref.[5], in order to increase the signal, the spin noise spectra of n-doped GaAs quantum wells were studied in the samples containing ten identical quantum wells (QWs). The measurement of the spin noise spectrum of a layer of InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) in a high-finesse microcavity allowed Dahbashi et al. [6] to perform unique investigation of spin dynamics of a single heavy hole localized in a selected QD. We are not aware of any experimental study of spin

The paper presents a critical analysis of publications devoted to one of the methods for production of the so-called "slow light" (the light with an anomalously low group velocity) due to extremely high local steepness of the dispersion curve of the medium. The method in point employs for this purpose the effect of coherent population oscillations accompanied by burning of a narrow spectral hole in the homogeneously broadened absorption spectrum.Physical model of the effect proposed in the studies under consideration is based on analysis of response of a nonlinear medium to a low-frequency intensity modulation of the incident light beam. We show that all the observations described in these papers can be easily interpreted in the framework of the simplest model of saturable absorber and have nothing to do with the effects of hole burning and group velocity reduction.

The present paper describes a three-dimensional (3D) thick-photoresist microstructuring technique that exploits the effect of exposure wavelength on dissolution rate distributions in a thick-film diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) photoresist. In fabricating 3D microstructure with specific applications, it is important to control the spatial dissolution rate distribution in the photoresist layer, since the lithographic performance for 3D microstructuring is largely determined by the details of the dissolution property. To achieve this goal, the effect of exposure wavelength on dissolution rate distributions was applied for 3D microstructuring. The parametric experimental results demonstrated (1) the advantages of the fabrication technique for 3D microstructuring and (2) the necessity of a dedicated simulation approach based on the measured thick-photoresist property for further verification. Thus, a simple and practical photolithography simulation model that makes use of the Fresnel diffraction theory and an empirically characterized DNQ photoresist property was adopted. Simulations revealed good quantitative agreement between the photoresist development profiles of the standard photolithography and the moving-mask UV lithography process. The simulation and experimental results conclude that the g-line (λ = 436 nm) process can reduce the dimensional limitation or complexity of the photolithography process for the 3D microstructuring which leads to nanoscale microstructuring.