Baits including 0.1% of ethyl 2‐(4‐((1,4‐dioxaspiro [4.5]dec‐6‐yl) methyl) phenoxy) ethylcarbamate were applied in two buildings containing 46 apartments with various degrees of infestation of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). During a yearly experiment, generally 8 baits were placed in each apartment and replenished monthly at which time cockroach population density, demographic structure, and percentage of morphologically deformed adults were determined from specimens captured by sticky‐trap sampling. Initial growth of the cockroach population observed during the first two months after deposition of the baits was followed by an asymptotical decrease. Only 2.5% of the initial population remained at the end of the experiment. Although adults with twisted wings (sterile) constituted only 70% of the total adult catches, the decrease of the nymph/adult ratio from 2.9 to 0.7 indicated a far more profound inhibitory effect on cockroach reproduction. This study shows that baits might be an efficient alternative to juvenoid formulations currently in use for control of the German cockroach.
In in vitro tests, skin repellent IR3535, applied in the form of the Diffusil H Prevental product in an aerosol bomb (active compound 20%), killed 100% of head lice (females and males) and nymphs 2 and 3, when directly sprayed at a dose of 0.94 mg of the active compound per square centimeter. Crawling lice exposed for 1 min on the filter paper impregnated by the same concentration showed no effort to suck blood 30 min after exposition. Twenty hours later, their mortality rate was 11 %. After the lice had been exposed for approximately 1 min (until they actively left the area) on 5 cm round areas of skin of test persons treated with the repellent at a mean total dose of 23.3 mg of active compound, they showed no effort to suck blood on the clean skin of other test person either immediately after exposure or 30 min later. Their mortality after 20 h ranged from 59 to 16%, depending on the time elapsed from skin treatment (10 min to 27 h).
Genetic analysis of the factors causing resistance was carried out in strain H captured in Czechoslovakia in 1961 and in the more resistant strain HS obtained as a result of laboratory selection of strain H. In both strains DDT and methoxychlor resistance is the result of interaction of factors localized on chromosome I, II, and III. In the homozygous state, the highest degree of DDT and methoxychlor resistance is caused by chromosome III factor(s) with incompletely recessive or intermediate resistance for both “death” and knock down. Delay of knock down is prolonged by interaction with the other factors. This factor does not cause resistance to fenitrothion. It is probably allelic with the kdr gene. The difference in resistance of both strains depends on the contribution of factor(s) of the chromosome III. This chromosome of the strain HS causes higher resistance than that of strain H. This is due to allelic kdr factors or the presence of unknown modifier gene(s). The chromosome II factor controls a weakly active dehydrochlorinase. The chromosome I factor(s) produces a weak resistance to DDT, methoxychlor and fenitrothion. It is the only factor for fenitrothion resistance in H and HS. Both strains possess the M(III) factor. Zusammenfassung GENETISCHE ANALYSE DER RESISTENZ GEGENÜBER DDT, METOXYCHLOR UND FENITROTHION BEI ZWEI STÄMMEN DER STUBENFLIEGE, MUSCA DOMESTICA Eine genetische Analyse der Resistenzfaktoren erfolgte bei einem Stamm H, 1961 in der Tschechoslowakei gefangen, und einem resistenteren Stamm HS, der aus H durch Selektion im Labor entstand. In beiden Stämmen ist DDT‐ und Metoxychlorresistenz das Ergebnis eines Wechselspiels von Faktoren, die in Chromosom I, II und III liegen. Bei Homozygotie wird der höchste DDT‐ und Metoxychlor‐Resistenzgrad verursacht durch Faktor(en) im Chromosom III mit unvollständig rezessiver oder intermediärer Resistenz für “tot” und knock down. Eine Verzögerung von knock down wird verlängert bei Wechselwirkung mit den anderen Faktoren. Der Faktor verursacht keine Resistenz gegenüber Fenitrothion. Er ist wahrscheinlich allel mit dem kdr‐Gen. Der Resistenzunterschied der beiden Stämme hängt ab vom Beitrag eines oder mehrerer Faktoren auf dem Chromosom III. Das Chromosom III des Stammes HS verursacht höhere Resistenz als das von Stamm H. Dies wird verursacht durch allele kdr‐Faktoren oder durch ein unbekanntes modifier‐Gen (Gene). Der Chromosom II‐Faktor steuert eine schwach aktive Dehydrochlorinase. Chromosom I‐Faktor(en) erzeugt eine schwache Resistenz gegenüber DDT, Metoxychlor und Fenitrothion. Es ist der einzige Faktor für Fenitrothionresistenz in H und HS. Beide Stämme besitzen den M(III)‐Faktor.
The cooperation and aggression between five laboratory colonies of Monomorium pharaonis were compared using an aggressiveness test and pupa-carrying test in laboratory arenas. The colonies were derived from field collections in different parts of Europe and USA. Generally, inter-colony aggressiveness was low and acceptance of pupae from other colonies was high. Workers from one colony (Lužiny, CZ), however, frequently displayed aggressive behavior when paired with workers from other colonies, and the Lužiny pupae were avoided by workers of other colonies in pupa-carrying tests. Behavioral tests were only partly consistent with the phylogenetic relatedness of ants because the Wisconsin colony (USA) grouped with the Lužiny colony (and not with the other three colonies) in the phylogenetic analysis but grouped with the other three colonies in the behavioral tests.
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