In this study, we examined the in vivo effect and the mechanism of asiatic acid (AA) on glucose uptake in an insulin target skeletal muscle. Diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of plasma glucose, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and lipid hydroperoxides, decreased levels of insulin and antioxidants, and impairment in insulin-signaling proteins such as insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Oral treatment with AA (20 mg/kg body weight) showed near-normalized levels of plasma glucose, lipid peroxidation products, and antioxidants and improved insulin, IR, IRS-1/2, PI3K, Akt, and GLUT4 proteins. These findings suggest that AA improves glucose response by increasing GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through Akt and antioxidant defense in plasma and it also improves glucose homeostasis.
SummaryThe modifying effects of naturally occurring plant products such as neem leaf and turmeric extracts on 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide (4NQO)-induced oral carcinoma were investigated in male Wistar strain rats. All the animals painted with 4NQ0 on their cheek mucosa for 20 weeks developed oral neoplasms identified histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. The oral tumor tissue showed a decrease in lipid peroxidation with concomitant changes in antioxidant activity. In groups of animals painted with 4NQ0 and simultaneous oral administration of neem leaf and turmeric extract, respectively, no tumors were observed; and the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels showed a pattern similar to that of untreated controls. Thus, the anticarcinogenic effect of neem leaf and turmeric extract appears to be related to their antioxidant function.We envisage that measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status with histological changes could be used to biomonitor tumor progression and evaluate the therapeutic response.
, the oxidation follows a second order rate law. Operation of the linear free energy relationship in the oxidation has been tested with a few electron withdrawing and a few electron donating substituents. At high temperature, electron-withdrawing groups decelerate and electron releasing groups accelerate the oxidation, the variation in rate with the substituent is in conformity with the Hammett equation. But at low temperature, electron donating substituents fail to accelerate the oxidation. The results are rationalized.
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