Diabetes is a major socio-economical burden with serious health consequences. The reactive oxygen species generated in this pathology alters the internal milieu of the cellular systems paving way to metabolic disorders. In the present investigation garlic's dose-dependent protective action against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress in hepatic and intestinal tissues has been studied. Methanolic garlic extract scavenged the DPPH radical with an IC(50) of 424 +/- 4.4 microg/ml proving its efficient antioxidant property. Garlic administration at 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt. significantly normalized the blood glucose in the diabetic rats. Biochemical analysis revealed a pronounced oxidative stress in STZ-rats (G-II) consequent to hyperglycemia as seen by a significant (P < 0.05 and 0.01) rise in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls; accumulation of glycation products; disintegration of protein integrity (tryptophan fluorescence) followed by a decrease in reduced glutathione, antioxidant (GPx and CAT) enzymes culminating in apoptosis. Garlic administration in a dose-dependent manner has been found to restore and normalize significantly the above changes and thus restoring a normal functional integrity. These beneficial effects are prominent with 500 mg/kg body wt. dosage of garlic in comparison with 250 mg/kg body wt. dosage. But, 500 mg/kg body wt. dosage is not totally free from side effects as the decrease in body weight and increased intestinal tissue apoptosis were also found in control rats administered with garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body wt. along with diabetic rats. Based on these findings it is suggested that consumption of garlic at a lower dose is beneficial in terms of defensive action against oxidative stress.

Glycemic-induced stress is a major culprit contributing to oxidative insult that has far-reaching effects in diabetic cataract worldwide. In an attempt to prevent/delay cataract, many therapeutic agents have been identified, and among these, natural dietary sources have gained pharmacological significance. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of the methanolic garlic extract against diabetic cataract in Wistar rats. Methanolic garlic extract scavenged the transition metal ion-generated H(2)O(2) with an IC(50) of 768.8 +/- 1.76 mug/ml, showing its potential ability as an antioxidant. We have noticed lenticular opacity and oxidative damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. This is evident by the elevation of Ca(2+), Cu(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), and carbonyl content and increased activities of polyol enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and up regulation of iNOS transcript and protein aggregation/cross-linking followed by a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), K(+) content, and tryptophan fluorescence in the cataractous lenses of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Garlic administration in a dose-dependent manner attenuated the glycemia-mediated oxidative stress as all the parameters have been found normalized more or less to that of control rats and thus delaying the progression of the lens opacity. We conclude that garlic extract has hypoglycemic and anti oxidant properties that can delay the progression of cataract as revealed in this study.

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Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are one of the commonest complications following gastrointestinal surgery. They lead to increased mortality, increased length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and higher cost of treatment. Identifying the risk factors of PPC helps in predicting its occurrence and to develop preventive measures. The objectives of the present study were to study the clinical and demographic risk factors for PPC following gastrointestinal surgery.Methods: The study was designed as an observational descriptive analytic study. All the patients ≥18 years of age undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were included. The patients with preoperative lung pathology requiring ICU care or ventilatory support and patients with lung metastasis were excluded. The demographic and clinical parameters at admission were recorded. The details of pulmonary complications like the time of occurrence after surgery and the mode of treatment for pulmonary complications were noted. The risk association was assessed for statistical significance.Results: A total of 100 patients were underwent various gastrointestinal surgeries during the study period. The incidence of PPC was 34% in our study. Age, education status, smoking, and presence of comorbidities were found to be positively associated with an increased incidence of PPCs. The serum albumin of less than 3.5gm and the haemoglobin of less than 8 gm were also associated with an increased incidence of PPC. Pleural effusion was the commonest PPC seen in 15 (44.1%) patients followed by pneumonia in 9 (26.5%).Conclusions: Age, smoking, education status, serum albumin, haemoglobin, emergency surgery, elective postoperative ventilation, nasogastric intubation and blood loss in the intraoperative period were found to associated with increased risk of PPCs.

Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are one of the commonest complications following gastrointestinal surgery. They lead to increase in morbidity and mortality. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme present in essentially all major organ systems. Studies have shown measurement of its activity levels and its isoenzyme pattern may provide additional information about lung and pulmonary endothelial cell injury. The objectives of the present study were to study the levels of serum LDH in patients with and without post-operative pulmonary complications following emergency abdominal surgery.Methods: The study was designed as an observational study. All patients ≥18 years of age undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, excluding those with prior lung pathology were included in the study. The demographic parameters, clinical parameters and laboratory parameters along with details of pulmonary complications were recorded. Serum LDH level were assessed on admission. Levels of serum LDH were compared between patients with and without post-operative pulmonary infections and were assessed for significance.Results: Incidence of PPC was 28% in our study. There was significant difference in the mean age in the group with and without PPC (p=<0.001). Smoking habit, serum albumin total protein and upper abdomen incision surgery were associated with increased incidence of PPC. Pleural effusion was the commonest PPC seen in patients. Serum LDH was not significantly associated with the incidence of PPC.Conclusions: Pre-operative serum LDH level is not a predictive factor for occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complication. Age, smoking, total protein, serum albumin, upper abdomen incision were found to associated with increased risk of PPCs.