The present study highlights the role of calcium, copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The estimation of serum levels of these metal ions has a potential role in early detection and monitoring of breast cancer.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate gingival and periodontal status in obese and non-obese type II Diabetic Patients. Methods. The study population comprised of 75 subjects visiting the outpatient department of our institution, divided into three different groups, group 1 (obese diabetic), group 2 (non-obese diabetic), and group 3 (obese, non-diabetic). Diabetic status was assessed with HbA1c values and obesity status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) score greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. Gingival and periodontal status were assessed using the Gingival Index (GI) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) respectively. Results. The mean gingival index score in group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 1.58, 1.54, and 1.25, respectively. Gingival status was poor among obese and non-obese diabetic subjects [Groups  1 & 2] when compared with obese non-diabetic patients [Group – 3]. The periodontal status showed that periodontal pockets  were increased in diabetic obese group (15.4%), followed by diabetic non obese (4.66%), and non-diabetic obese (2%) group respectively and loss of attachment was severe in diabetic obese group (60.7%), followed by diabetic non obese (45.9%) and non-diabetic obese (15.3%) respectively. Conclusion. Gingival and periodontal status was poor in the obese diabetic group compared to non-obese diabetic and obese non diabetic group. Hence, the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis in obese diabetic patients should be addressed earlier to prevent further complications and achieve a good oral health status.

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Tumor microenvironment has a diverse capability to induce both beneficial and adverse consequences for tumorigenesis. It is a multifactorial process induced by the imbalance in the tumor cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen, the main component of ECM, is traditionally regarded as a passive barrier to resist tumor cell invasion. In recent years, collagen is marked to have its pivotal role to initiate and promote tumor progression. Remodeling of collagen has been appreciated in various benign and malignant tumors. These alterations can be identified and demonstrated as tumor-associated collagen signatures that can be demonstrated using second harmonic generation imaging. Recognition of these characteristic changes in the organization of collagen fiber may potentially serve as an early diagnostic marker in various pathological processes, such as hyperplastic, dysplastic, and cancerous tissues. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological orientation of collagen fibers in relation to epithelium that acts as an image-based biomarker.

Background The prognosis of hyperproliferative skin lesions, such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma, and non‐melanoma skin cancers, is significantly benefited from the levels of tazarotene‐induced gene‐1 (TIG3) expression and subsequent treatment with tazarotene. Such observations suggest that TIG3 could be used as a biomarker for apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of TIG3 in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared with normal skin (NS) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) using immunohistochemistry. Methods Seventeen cases each of SSCC, OSCC, NOM, and NS were evaluated. Each section was immunohistochemically stained with a rabbit polyclonal TIG3 antibody. The entire procedure was blinded and evaluated by 5 observers. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐square test. Results There was a significant decrease in TIG3 protein expression in OSCC and SSCC compared with that in NOM and NS (P = 0.008). The progressive loss of expression was observed as the grade of both malignancies increased. However, there was no significant difference in the expression among the normal tissue groups and within SCC groups of similar grades. Conclusion The present study suggests that the loss of TIG3 is an important event in carcinogenesis. TIG3 acts as a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation. Therefore, TIG3 could be a potential biomarker to differentiate aggressive and non‐aggressive neoplasms.

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