The humus content in the soil is the most important factor affecting the yield of agricultural crops. The research of the impact of the soil cultivation methods upon the humus content is an urgent scientific and practical task of modern agriculture. This paper analyzed long-term (45 years) field experiments on the impact of ploughing, deep and shallow non-moldboard tillage upon the humus content in the chernozem soil of central Ukraine. The research materials reflect a broad picture of influence of the processing methods upon the accumulation of total humus. For example, with respect to ploughing with deep non-mouldboard cultivation, accumulation of the total humus in the 40 th year of research, was +0.0028%; with shallow non-mouldboard cultivation it was +0.0005%.
Analysis of literature data and the results of our own research show that even with intensive rearing of animals with the use of balanced feeding and keeping them in accordance with the technology - it is almost impossible to avoid stress. And especially, excessive man-made load on agroecosystems also has a negative impact on animal life. Factors that cause a decrease in immune status and the emergence of immune pathology in animals include: industrial technology of animal husbandry, chemicalization in crop and livestock production, man-made pressure, dietary imbalance in nutrients and biologically active substances. This increases the impact on the body of heavy metals, which displace nutrients from body tissues, in particular trace elements and replace them in metabolic processes, which is a potential prerequisite for the development of oxidative stress. The mechanism of development of stress reaction of an organism is closely connected with activity of POL (lipid peroxidation) and depression of antioxidant potential. Under these conditions, the ability of the organism to mobilize protective and adaptive capabilities in response to the action of negative factors becomes especially important. Keeping productive animals in adverse conditions, unbalanced feeding are components of immobilization stress, which reduces their productivity, affects reproductive function, metabolic and functional disorders, reducing nonspecific and specific resistance of the organism (Fedoruk & Kravtsiv, 2003; Velychko, 2008; Velychko, 2011). Under conditions of man-caused load on the environment, respectively, and animals – it is promising to develop effective methods for regulating the activity of the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection with the help of biologically active substances, in particular trace elements. The results of research confirm that this has a positive effect on the formation of productive and adaptive properties of animals. The system of antioxidant protection is a necessary part of non-specific reactions of the organism, a component of the processes of its adaptation to environmental conditions, a component of normal life, a factor in maintaining homeostasis. Widespread immunodeficiency and elucidation of the main links of their pathogenesis have exacerbated the problem of regulating disorders of the immune system. Therefore, knowledge of the patterns of formation of the immune status of animals, especially in the early postnatal period, is important in the development of methods for the correction of immunodeficiency, antioxidant protection.
The purpose of the article is to determine the organizational basis for the formation and use of the construction enterprises brand on the scenario approach, which made it possible to build an organizational and economic scheme. The necessity of creating the organizational basis for the formation and use of the construction enterprises brand to ensure interaction with stakeholders is proved. The organizational basis for the formation and use of the brand of construction enterprises, based on the results of an integrated assessment under its components is determined. An important direction in the development of organizational measures of particular importance is the establishment of a causal relationship between the integral indicator of the brand formation and use and the system factor characterizing the capabilities of construction enterprises and the effectiveness of their activities (an integral indicator of investment attractiveness). To establish a causal relationship, the method of economic and mathematical modelling is used. To determine the level of the investment attractiveness systemic factor, its forecasting using model and coefficient of determination, based on the established causal relationship between the integral indicator of the brand formation and use and the systemic factor of investment attractiveness was performed. The results of establishing a causal relationship between the integral indicator of brand formation and use and the systemic factor of investment attractiveness are presented. The organizational measures for the formation and use of the brand of construction enterprises are proposed. The crisis, stagnation and development scenarios depending on the values of the integral indicator of the formation and use of the construction enterprise brand and the systemic factor of investment attractiveness were proposed.
In modern market conditions, knowledge of laws and regulations in the field of technical regulation allows managers and specialists of veterinary medicine to avoid unnecessary costs and risks in the development, supply and organization of production, greatly facilitates the preparation and completion of registration procedures in Ukraine and protects against inconsistencies in activities. Given the importance of this, the President of Ukraine in 2005 issued a Decree "On measures to improve activities in the field of technical regulation and consumer policy." For its implementation in Ukraine the Concept of development of technical regulation and consumer policy is developed. The purpose of the Concept is to create a modern system of technical regulation and consumer protection adapted to EU and WTO requirements, which will promote economic development, entrepreneurship, fair competition, protection of human health and the environment, consumer rights to quality and safe products, eliminate trade inconsistencies. In these conditions, national standardization is rapidly being established. Since 2005, the Law of Ukraine “On Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment Procedures” has been implemented. Introduced a new type of legal document - technical regulations, and this significantly and targeted-specifically increases the level of requirements for all types of enterprises, including enterprises of veterinary medicine. The main requirement laid down in the technical regulations is the quality and safety of products. Quality is the absolute confidence of the manufacturer in its products at any level of its development, production and consumption. Therefore, a justified and cost-effective policy for veterinary enterprises should be to focus on advanced achievements in ensuring stable and competitive product quality. The technical regulation, as a normative legal document, directly and through reference contains mandatory requirements for the technology of production of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, rules of conformity assessment, rules of identification, packaging, labeling, etc. These requirements are enshrined in the new Law of Ukraine "On Veterinary Medicine". It is also important that strict compliance with the provisions of technical regulations gives manufacturers the opportunity to assess and control the risks that are significant in terms of product safety, and to implement in the practice of the enterprise rules of good manufacturing practice. Regarding the completeness of the development of technical regulations that would take into account the specialization of enterprises, there is a need to continue research, summarize the experience of leading foreign firms, improve the mechanisms of their implementation in the practice of veterinary enterprises.
Science and practice have proven that trace elements affect the regulatory systems of the animal body. The mechanism of their pharmacological action is related to the intensity of protein synthesis, under their influence the regulation of enzymes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism takes place, the growth and development of animals is activated. Under the conditions of increasing man-made load on the environment, and animals in particular, non-compliance with the recommendations for their feeding and maintenance, stress reactions, immunodeficiency states, a decrease in metabolism and, accordingly, the productivity of farm animals develop. In modern conditions, the natural lack of microelements is also aggravated by the man-made load on agroecosystems, which also causes a negative impact on the vital activity of animals. At the same time, the aggression of the animal body by heavy metals and their displacement of biogenic microelements from tissue structures and their replacement in metabolic processes is possible, which is a potential prerequisite for the development of oxidative stress. Therefore, the spread of immunodeficiencies exacerbated the problem of regulating disorders of the immune system. All this leads to the development of methods of regulating the activity of the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection with the help of microelements, which makes it possible to have a direct influence on the formation of productive and adaptive properties of animals. In the body of animals, microelements perform a number of important biological functions: they stimulate the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes, they have antimicrobial and antifungal effects. And this, in turn, has a complex effect on the quality of livestock products, the consumption of which can be attributed to the rational and preventive nutrition of people. Knowledge of the mechanisms of formation of the immune status of the animal organism is of exceptional importance in the development of methods of correction of the immunodeficiency state, antioxidant protection.
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