Aims: Although Russia has one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable burden of disease, little is known about the existing research on prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) in this country. The objective of this study was to locate and review published and unpublished studies related to any aspect of PAE and FASD conducted in or using study populations from Russia. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in multiple English and Russian electronic bibliographic databases. In addition, a manual search was conducted in several major libraries in Moscow. Results: The search revealed a small pool of existing research studies related to PAE and/or FASD in Russia (126: 22 in English and 104 in Russian). Existing epidemiological data indicate a high prevalence of PAE and FASD, which underlines the strong negative impact that alcohol has on mortality, morbidity and disability in Russia. High levels of alcohol consumption by women of childbearing age, low levels of contraception use, and low levels of knowledge by health and other professionals regarding the harmful effects of PAE put this country at great risk of further alcohol-affected pregnancies. Conclusions: Alcohol preventive measures in Russia warrant immediate attention. More research focused on alcohol prevention and policy is needed in order to reduce alcohol-related harm, especially in the field of FASD.
Повторяющиеся мысли (руминации) о негативных событиях и переживаниях все чаще рассматриваются как трансдиагностический процесс, лежащий в основе различных форм психической патологии, включая тревогу и депрессию. Подчеркиваются роль нарушенного контроля внимания и негативный характер отклонений в патогенезе заболевания. Руминации развиваются не только у пациентов с депрессией, но и у тех, кто страдал ею в прошлом (чаще у женщин, чем у мужчин), а также в группах риска по депрессии [1, 2]. Депрессивные руминации предвещают манифестацию и развитие большой депрессии и поддерживают ее [3, 4]. При наличии выраженных руминаций отмечен слабый ответ пациентов как на лечение антидепрессантами, так и на когнитивноповеденческую терапию (КПТ) [5, 6]. Цель настоящей статьи-обобщить современные представления о депрессивных руминациях и существующих подходах к их лечению. Депрессивные руминации S. Nolen-Hoeksema [7] определяет депрессивные руминации как «поведение и мысли, которые сосредотачивают чье-либо внимание на депрессивной симптоматике и импликации этой симптоматики». Типичное проявление руминаций-повторяющиеся и
Background. Academic success in a higher education institution requires the ability to process large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time, including having proficiency at a high level of basic knowledge, and an ability to cope with stress. Continual study overload, a competitive environment, and ethical dilemmas (e.g. "How should I deal with human suffering?", "How should I convey the diagnosis?", "How should I tell someone that palliative treatment is the only option?", "What if I make a mistake?") can all result in anxiety and depression. Research has shown that students who show signs of anxiety and depression may have maladaptive cognitive strategies for processing their emotional experiences. In the medical community, the rules concerning one's own emotions are, on one hand, determined by specific ethical standards (e.g., the idea that physicians should not show their emotions), and on the other, by the stressful situation itself, which requires taking responsibility for another person's life. The additional stress point is the need for constant study, which requires a pro-active attitude and learning more and more skills. A significant number of physicians tend to ignore their own emotional experiences, or suppress them. The present study deals with indications of anxiety and depression on the basis of such emotional schemas, which we suggest play the key role in the development of emotional maladaptation in medical students.Objective. In this study we observe signs of anxiety and depression in medical students and their dependence upon the intensity of dysfunctional emotional schemas.Design. The number of participants was 400, comprised of students from general medicine (n = 300) and dentistry (n = 100) at the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.Methods. We took from the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (Russian version, N.V. Tarabrina N.V.) the subscales related to affective and anxiety disorders: anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, somatization, and phobic anxiety. We also used 28 items from the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale II (the Russian version, adapted by the authors and Y.A. Kochetkov).Results. The medical students fell into two groups: those with low and those with high intensity of the dysfunctional schemas. The groups were distinguished by which ofThe Role of Emotional Schemas in Anxiety and Depression… 131Leahy's basic emotional regulation strategies, either normalizing or pathologizing, they used. The pathologizing students followed strict, maladaptive rules concerning their emotional experiences. Students with intense dysfunctional schemas also demonstrated signs of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and somatization. The students who saw their emotions as normal demonstrated lower levels of dysfunctional emotional schemas. As stated in Leahy's emotional schemas theory, such students tend to see their emotions as a normal, important, and meaningful part of their daily lives. Analysis has shown that these types ...
We present the results of modification and approbation of the Problematic Facebook (Social Networks) Use Scale on the Russian sample. The scale assesses various aspects of social networks use including preferring online communication among other types, using social networks to regulate emotions, constant thinking about social networks and frequent compulsive social network visits and their negative consequences. The study involved 900 people who filled out electronic forms posted in the leading Russian social networks — Facebook, Vkontakte, Instagram. The mean age was 28.6 ± 7.5. It is shown that the Russian version of Problematic Social Networks Use Scale has good internal consistency. It consists of five factors and has good reliability and validity scores. Significant differences in cognitive emotion regulation strategies, positive and negative affect and personal anxiety in the low- and high-use groups confirm the external validity of the scale.
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