Biological and morphological characteristics together with electrophoretic patterns were compared for five strains of Triclzogramma ecanescens W., collected from the eggs of Mamestra brassicae L., Ostrinia nuhilulis Hb. and Agrotis segetum Schiff. in northern Maldova. Significant differences were observed in the biological characteristics including the proportion of female progeny, developmental period, longevity and fecundity. The strains also differed in the ratio of antenna1 hair length to the maximum width of flagellum in males. Patterns of esterase systems indicated that the strains differed in the mobility and intensity of esterase bands. All the strains had a strong preference for the host from which they were collected in the field. Crossing of the strains indicated that one strain was reproductively isolated. The results have application in selecting the strategy for establishing initial colony in mass rearing of parasitoids and for research on Trichogramma ecology and evolution.
The paper is about main trends of cooperation activity in research and development in Russia nowadays. It is focused on types of cooperation and types of partners in joint projects. Special attention is paid to cooperation in manufacturing. This makes it possible to diagnose possible points of innovation growth, that is, types of manufacturing activities that are of interest to both Russian and foreign partners. The study of the partnership in the dynamics allowed us to see a reduction in the share of suppliers of equipment, raw and materials in joint projects, as well as the share of consulting firms. To study the factors that have a decisive influence on the cooperation activity of organizations, a logit model is created. It shows that the probability of cooperation increases with the growth of novelty of the created advanced production technologies, innovation and patent activity of enterprises. The proposed aggregate indicator of cooperation activity can provide regular monitoring of cooperation and partnership in R&D.
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