The paper proposes the link between cryptocurrency implementation in the financial sector and energy consumption worldwide. The underlying mechanism of this blockchain infrastructure is described, practical cases of its adoption in various segments of the financial sector are provided. This paper tries to explain the power consumption of the cryptocurrency mining at the case of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, Litecoin. Since mining is not regulated by the state, and even banned in some countries, it is difficult to find accurate data on how much electricity is spent on it. Method of Herfindahl-Hirschman is used for efficiency estimate of crypto market.
The paper proposes the link between effective use of energy and reduction of carbon emissions at the case of Russia. A number of energy efficiency indicators are reviewed and calculated. Deterministic analysis is conducted to identify what factors influence carbon intensity the most. The analysis has shown that increasing energy intensity causes a much greater increase in carbon intensity. This paper adopts the method of chain substitutions to calculate the contribution of each factor to the changes in the carbon intensity over a period of time. Therefore, it must be the ultimate goal to achieve a sustainable economy by consuming less energy which in its turn will lead to less CO2 emission.
The development of nuclear-electromagnetic cascade models in air in the late forties have shown informational content of the study of cores of extensive air showers (EAS). These investigations were the main goal in different experiments which were carried out over many years by a variety of methods. Outcomes of such investigations obtained in the HADRON experiment using an X-ray emulsion chamber (XREC) as a core detector are considered. The N e spectrum of EAS associated with γ-ray families, spectra of γ-rays (hadrons) in EAS cores and the N e dependence of the muon number, N µ , in EAS with γ-ray families are obtained for the first time at energies of 10 15-10 17 eV with this method. A number of new effects were observed, namely, an abnormal scaling violation in hadron spectra which are fundamentally different from model predictions, an excess of muon number in EAS associated with γ-ray families, and the penetrating component in EAS cores. It is supposed that the abnormal behavior of γ-ray spectra and N e dependence of the muon number are explained by the emergence of a penetrating component in the 1st PCR spectrum 'knee' range. Nuclear and astrophysical explanations of the origin of the penetrating component are discussed. The necessity of considering the contribution of a single close cosmic-ray source to explain the PCR spectrum in the knee range is noted.
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