Grazing strategies alter sward leaf area patterns of growth, affecting herbage accumulation and utilisation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) swards subjected to strategies of intermittent stocking. The experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, from October/2004 to September/2005. Swards were grazed at 95 and 100% canopy light interception (LI) to post-grazing heights of 10 and 15 cm, following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with four replications in a randomised complete block design. The response variables evaluated were: crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio. In early and late spring, the highest crop growth rate was recorded for treatment 95/15 (11.2 and 10.1 g m -2 day -1 , respectively), along with high values of net assimilation rate (4.4 and 6.9 g m -2 day -1 , respectively), leaf area ratio (0.0095 and 0.0103 m 2 g -1 , respectively) and leaf weight ratio (0.56 and 0.56 g g -1 , respectively). To compensate reductions in net assimilation rate plants made some morphological and physiological adjustments increasing leaf area and leaf weight ratio. Relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were 26 and 50% higher, respectively, on swards grazed at 95% than at 100% LI. In early spring treatments 100/10 and 95/15 resulted in the highest relative growth rate (0.086 and 0.059 g m -2 day -1 , respectively repetições e um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados. Avaliaram-se a taxa de crescimento da cultura, a taxa de crescimento relativo, a taxa de assimilação líquida, a razão de área foliar e a razão de peso foliar. No início e final de primavera a maior taxa de crescimento da cultura foi registrada para o tratamento 95/15 (11.2 e 10.1 g m -2 dia -1 , respectivamente), associada a altos valores de taxa de assimilação líquida (4.4 e 6.9 g m -2 dia -1 , respectivamente), razão de área foliar (0.0095 e 0.0103 m 2 g -1 , respectivamente) e razão de peso foliar (0.56 e 0.56 g g -1 , respectivamente). Para compensar reduções em taxa de assimilação líquida a planta se ajustou morfológica e fisiologicamente aumentando a razão de área foliar e razão de peso foliar. A taxa de crescimento relativo e a taxa de assimilação líquida foram, respectivamente, 26% e 50% superiores nos pastos manejados com 95% relativamente àqueles com 100% de IL. No início de primavera os tratamentos 100/10 e 95/15 resultaram na maior taxa de crescimento relativo (0.086 e 0.059 g m -2 dia -1 , respectivamente). O tratamento 95/15 resultou no padrão mais favorável de crescimento (taxas de crescimento da cultura, crescimento relativo e assimilatória líquida), particularmente durante o período de transição entre inverno e primavera. Palavras-chave: Brachiaria brizantha, interceptação luminosa, manejo do pastejo, rebrotação Giacomini et al. 734

Knowledge regarding morphogenetic characteristics has contributed to the understanding of plant responses to variations in climatic conditions and management practices. However, the original framework has been developed for temperate grass species, and indicates no ontogenetic effect on the expression of morphogenetic traits. Similar information for tropical grass species is scarce, but not less important. This experiment aimed at evaluating the influence of tiller age on the morphogenetic characteristics of continuously stocked marandu palisadegrass swards maintained at 30 cm and fertilized with nitrogen (N). Treatments corresponded to three nitrogen application rates (150, 300 and 450 kg ha -¹ of N) plus the control (no fertilization) and were assigned to experimental units (1,200 m 2 paddocks) according to a complete randomized block design, with four replications. The following response variables were measured during autumn/winter (Jun. to Jul. 2007) and summer (Feb. to Mar. 2008): leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER) and the age profile of the tiller population. In general, LAR and LER were higher on young (< 2 months old) relative to mature (2 to 4 months old) and old (> 4 months old) tillers during both autumn/winter and summer. During autumn/winter swards were mainly comprised of old tillers (> 4 months old), the opposite happening during summer, when they were mainly comprised of young tillers. Overall, there was no N effect within tiller age categories. Tiller age was an important factor interfering with the morphogenetic responses of marandu palisadegrass, indicating that there is an ontogenetic effect on plant morphogenesis that should be considered further in future studies of this nature.

-The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the structural characteristics of young, mature and old tillers on continuously stocked marandu palisade grass maintained at 30 cm and fertilized with nitrogen. Treatments corresponded to three nitrogen application rates (150, 300 and 450 kg/ha of N) plus control (no fertilization) and were

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência e a estabilidade da população de perfilhos em pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) submetidos à lotação contínua e à adubação nitrogenada. Stability of tiller population of continuously stocked marandu palisade grass fertilized with nitrogenAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the survival and stability of tiller population on marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) swards subjected to continuous stocking and to fertilization with nitrogen. Treatments corresponded to three nitrogen doses (150, 300 and 450 kg ha -1 ) plus control (no fertilization), and the experimental units (1,200-m 2 paddocks) were placed according to a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Survival rates, balance between tiller death and appearance and tiller population stability indexes were evaluated monthly from January 2007 to April 2008, in five seasons. Survival rates, balance between tiller death and appearance and the tiller population stability indexes varied according to the season. Swards fertilized with 450 kg ha -1 of N showed the lowest tiller survival rates during summers, but maintained population stability. Higher rates of N allow plants to achieve a faster positive balance between tiller death and appearance in late spring. Nitrogen favors plant turnover and keeps population stability as long as factors such as temperature and rainfall are not limiting.

Acceleration of the growth rhythm of plants using nitrogen fertiliser alters the rates of physiological processes like growth and senescence and may cause significant changes in sward structure, interfering with plant and animal responses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate sward structure of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) maintained at 30 cm under continuous stocking and subjected to contrasting rhythms of growth from January 2007 to April 2008. These were generated using or not nitrogen fertiliser, and comprised four experimental treatments as follows: control (non-fertilised), 150, 300 and 450 kg ha -1 of N. Acceleration of the growth rhythm of plants was associated with increases in leaf and stem bulk density, and resulted in larger LAI and total bulk density on swards subjected to faster (fertilised with 300 and 450 kg ha -1 of N) than those subjected to slower rhythms of growth (non-fertilised or fertilised with 150 kg ha -1 of N). Variations in dead material bulk density were associated with seasonal variations in climatic conditions, and were not influenced by growth rhythms. During autumn/winter and early spring (dry period of the year) swards subjected to faster, relative to those subjected to slower rhythms of growth, had larger proportion of leaves on the top horizons. On the other hand, sward structure did not vary among rhythms of growth at times of the year when there was no limitation in the availability of climatic growth factors (late spring and summer), indicating that when control of the grazing process is efficient, changes in sward structure are basically a function of seasonal variations in climatic growth conditions and phenological state of plants. Key words: herbage bulk density, morphological composition, grazing management, nitrogen Estrutura do dossel forrageiro de pastos de capim-marandu submetidos à lotação contínua e ritmos de crescimento induzidos por adubação nitrogenada RESUMO: A aceleração do ritmo de crescimento das plantas por meio da adubação nitrogenada altera a velocidade dos processos fisiológicos, atuando sobre o crescimento e a senescência, podendo refletir-se em alterações importantes sobre a estrutura do dossel. Avaliou-se a estrutura do dossel forrageiro de pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) mantidos a 30 cm de altura por meio de lotação contínua e submetidos a ritmos de crescimento contrastantes de janeiro de 2007 a abril de 2008. Os distintos ritmos de crescimento foram criados por meio da utilização de adubação nitrogenada, segundo os tratamentos: sem adubação (controle), 150, 300 e 450 kg ha -1 de N. A aceleração do ritmo de crescimento dos pastos resultou em aumentos de densidade volumétrica de folhas e de colmos, refletindo em maior IAF e densidade volumétrica total em pastos submetidos aos ritmos de crescimento mais acelerados (adubados com 300 e 450 kg ha -1 de N) relativamente àqueles submetidos a ritmos de crescimento mais lentos (pastos não adubados e/ou adubados com 150 kg ha -1 de N). Variações em densid...