Thanks to its excellent protective properties, lightness, a reasonable price, and ecology, corrugated paperboard is one of the most popular materials used in the production of packaging for various products. During transportation or storage, packaging with goods can be exposed to the mass of other commodities, dropping from heights and transportation shock loads, which can lead to their puncture damage. Depending on the purpose and size of the packaging, the thickness, grammage, constituent paper layers, numbers of layers and type of fluting of corrugated paperboard used in its production differ. A standard triangular prism, corrugated paperboard fixation plates and a universal tensioncompression machine were used to investigate the impact of corrugated paperboard structure and other parameters on the puncture resistance of the material. The investigation determines the maximum puncture load and estimates energy required to penetrate the corrugated paperboard. It was found that the greatest puncture resistance is demonstrated by paperboard with a larger number of corrugating flutings and the board produced from harder paper with a smaller amount of recycled paper. It was established that the grammage of three-layered paperboard with two different fluting profiles has the greatest impact on the level of static puncture energy.
Recently, centrifugal fertilizer spreaders of various manufacturers are widely used for spreading granular organic fertilizers on the soil surface. In the technical literature or instructions is a lack of recommendations from the manufacturers of fertilizer spreaders how to set the parameters for granulated manure to achieve the required amount of fertilizer dispersion (spread) and the required uniformity of spread. This article analyzes the uniformity of spreading organic granulated manure compost fertilizers in soil by a centrifugal double disc fertilizer spreader. Two types of manure pellets of different geometric characteristics were investigated for real outdoor spreading experiments, and blades of different lengths were chosen. From the analysis of the presented research results, it was determined that the centrifugal fertilizer spreader can be used to disperse (spread) granular cylindrical organic fertilizers. Also, from the obtained results a significant difference was found of spread between the used different diameters and length granules. In this article, it can be said that beside the mentioned and investigated fertilizer spreader parameters for spreading uniformity improvement it needs to take into account unexpected factors of the environment, like the wind direction and strength, pellet size, pellet size distribution, angle of spreading blade, etc.
In agricultural activities, there is an increasing need for organic fertilizers to use nature-friendly materials used to fertilize the soil. Farmers have been using granular organic fertilizers made from composted or dried manure of cattle, poultry, pigs, ash, bone meal, and other materials for some time, but the quantities of these organic fertilizers are not large. Biochar is also being intensively studied as a material to improve soil quality and plant growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from soil. The suitability of cattle manure compost, poultry manure, biochar, and their combinations for granular fertilizers was analyzed in this work. The preparation of biochar for granulation may have differences compared to other organic materials due to the moisture content, fractional composition, bulk density, and other parameters of the granulated material, so this work examines the physical–mechanical and chemical properties of cattle and poultry manure and biochar raw material and the final granulated product. Research has found that the fractional composition of raw materials under investigation manure and biochar was up to 2 mm. The moisture content of the studied raw material varied from 8.97% in the case of poultry manure to 25.11% in the case of cattle manure compost. The lowest moisture content was obtained due to additional drying. The addition of biochar reduces the granule density in investigated cases. Poultry manure granules were the most mechanically stable, with a semi-static stability of 382.6 ± 78.08 N. After the addition of biochar, weaker binding properties were determined in the experimental granules. Analysis of the composition of elements shows that these granules can be used for fertilization or soil improvement. High concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were detected in the granules. The obtained results showed that it is appropriate to enrich the manure granules with biochar.
Organic granulation and the use of granular organic fertilizers are usually used in organic farming for agricultural plant cultivation. Granulated organic manure fertilizer can be added locally by using a standard serial agricultural technique. These ecological fertilizers need smaller containers, are easier to transport, do not cause self-heating and self-ignition risk. The quality of the used granular fertilizers is determined not only by the chemical composition, but also by the physical and mechanical properties, such as: strength of the pellets, durability, friction, moisture and geometric characteristics of granules. Friction coefficients are one of the most important physical-mechanical properties of the material and affect all of their granulation and use processes: transportation, dosing, forming, spreading and etc. The paper provides the research results on static and dynamic friction of granular manure compost fertilizers. It was established that the static granular friction coefficient, in contact with the steel surface at a velocity of 100 mm/min, was about 25 % less than at a speed of 300 mm/min. It was obtained that the dispersion of the static friction coefficient is almost twice lower at bigger velocity of the ring. The inter-static and dynamic friction coefficients of organic fertilizer granules were similar and reached about 5. It can be argued that the method of use of two blades for determining the internal granulation friction was not completely suitable due to the size of the particles, fractions and forms.
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