Aim. The aim of this work was to develop heterosis models of corn hybrids FAO 150–490 for irrigation conditions. A morpho-physiological model was developed and the FAO 150–490 corn hybrids were created on its basis for irrigation conditions of the South of Ukraine with grain yield 11–17 t/ha. Methods. The general scientific, special selection genetic, computational and comparative research methods were used. Results. The results of multi- years research for morpho-physiological and heterozyotic models of corn hybrids of different maturity groups within the conditions of irrigation were presented. The main parameters of models of maize hybrids of different FAO groups are determined. The parameters of heterozosis models are determined and the lines with high combining ability were created, which are involved in the pedigree of early-ripening, early ripe medium group, mid-ripening, middle-late and late maturity groups of newly created hybrids. These hybrids have not shown the yield increase during the optimization technology for grain growing. There were defined corn hybrids intensive type which provide grain yield of 15–17 t/ha. Conclusions. There were created new innovative FAO corn hybrids 150–600 for irrigation conditions, which are possessing a complex of economic complex and valuable features which are able to form high yields during the irrigation (11–17 t/ha). The morpho-biological features that determine grain yield are steadily implemented only at high soil fertility. For this reason the selection phenotype is reliable only in favorable conditions. The differentiating ability of the environment within a high soil fertility is more than in close-extreme conditions. Keywords: corn, maize, model, hybrid, irrigation, group maturity, yield.
Aim. The purpose of the research is to determine the manifestation of the feature “seed weight from a plant” (the, parental forms) and hybrids, to establish the level of variability behind the soybean varieties in the F2–F5 hybrid combinations, to determine the effectiveness of selections for productivity in terms of the “seed weight from a plant” indicator from the hybrid populations of the F2–F5. Methods. The field, selection and genetic, calculation and comparative methods of the research were used. The varieties that are different in terms of fecundity and origin, also hybrids F1 and hybrid populations F2–F5 were studied. Selections on the basis of the “seed weight from a plant” were carried out in the F2–F5 populations. Results. It has been established that in soy characteristic “seed mass from a plant” has significant genotypic variability and has significant differences in varieties of different groups of ripeness, which may be a prerequisite for predicting the effective selection for this factorial trait. A high correlation of this trait with seed yield was also established. The proportion of the families from the selections, that were carried out in the F3 populations, exceeded the seed yield standard and was in the range of 28.0–37.5%. In the second generation of hybrids the efficiency of selection was 1.5–2 times lower. Conclusions. The highest yield of high-yielding genotypes, reached by the “seed mass from a plant” indicator was obtained from the F3 populations. To create the new high-yielding soybean varieties with a 3.5–5.5 t/ha yield under irrigation conditions, it is promising to use in the crossings the variety samples which are contrastive by groups of ripeness and genetic pedigree. Keywords: variety, soybean, hybrid, population, yield, irrigation.
Climate changes in recent decades have increased the degree of risks in crop production. The consequence of such processes is an increase in the temperature regime against the background of a significant moisture deficit in critical periods of plant growth and development. Accordingly, research aimed at establishing the adaptability of plants to such climatic changes is relevant and timely. The purpose of the research is to establish the principles of implementing the adaptive potential of new varieties of winter wheat of different types of development in the Steppe zone under the conditions of climate change. Records and their assessment were carried out according to the generally accepted methods of Ukrainian variety testing with mandatory statistical and dispersion analysis of the results of field experiments. The establishment of indicators of the stability of quantitative traits and plasticity was carried out using the Eberhard-Russell algorithm, which is based on a regression analysis of the dependence of the grain yield of winter wheat of different varieties on the environmental index. The results of the research established that universal type varieties with a stem length of 85-90 cm are the most suitable for irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Regression analysis of the data on the plasticity and stability of the elements of the crop structure in different varieties of winter wheat proved that their variability directly depends on the genotype and ecological gradients. According to the results of the assessment of the adaptive potential, it was established that the parameters of plasticity (bi = 0.804-0.989) and yield (7.33-7.63 t/ha exceed the standard by 10.4-14.9%) showed winter wheat varieties of the universal type - Askaniyska, Askaniyska Bereginya, Perlyna, Znahidka Odeska, while Khersonska 99, Kirena, Yaroslavna, Kuyalnyk, etc. were characterized by an intensive type of development. Varieties of the universal type were more plastic and stable in the formation of ear productivity, compared to short and tall biotypes. The scientific significance of the research lies in the substantiation of scientific principles, practical recommendations for improving varietal agricultural technology of winter wheat, which had different genetic and ecological origins, in irrigated and non-irrigated conditions of the Steppe zone
доктор сільськогосподарських наук, професор кафедри рослинництва, генетики, селекції та насінництва https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0581-7242 ДОМАРАЦЬКИЙ Є.О.докторант, доцент кафедри рослинництва, генетики, селекції та насінництва https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-1611 КОЗЛОВА О.П.аспірант кафедри рослинництва, генетики, селекції та насінництва https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-5981 ДВНЗ «Херсонський державний аграрний університет» Постановка проблеми. В Україні понад 90% рослинних жирів виробляють з насіння соняшнику. Ця культура є привабливою для агровиробників зони Степу внаслідок низьких виробничих витрат на вирощування, стабільності попиту на насіння та його високою вартістю на ринку. Порівняння глобальних економічних показників світового сільського господарства свідчить про те, що головною олійною культурою в переважній більшості країн світу є соя. Проте в Україні з історичної точки зору та внаслідок специфічних регіональних особливостей, був і єсоняшник [1].Рівень ефективності виробництва насіння соняшнику залежить від знання його біологічних особливостей, а також дотримання рекомендацій із технології вирощування [2]. Проте більшість виробників не дотримується норм, і це, призводить до появи проблем, пов'язаних із перенасиченням сівозмін соняшником. Збільшення виробництва насіння соняшнику можливо здійснити за рахунок удосконалення елементів технології його вирощування, важливим з яких є раціональне використання біологічних препаратів та стимуляторів росту у різних фазах розвитку рослини [3].Для забезпечення попиту на олійну сировину потрібно збільшити валові збори соняшнику. Підвищити врожайність площ, зайнятих під вирощування цієї культури, можливо двома способами: агротехнічним та селекційним. Нові гібриди соняшнику мають відповідати сучасним вимогам, а саме: бути екологічно пластичними, адаптивними й стабільними за будь-яких умов вирощування [4].Розглянуті показники пояснюють механізм дії того чи іншого чинника, глибину і напрям впливу, послідовність і тісноту взаємозв'язків. Всі розрахунки та дослідження призводять до визначення рівня продуктивності рослин з точки зору перш за все збору основної продукції. Які б не були попередні впливи, в якому напрямі і наскільки суттєво, вони передбачали кінцевий результат,
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