A 35-GHz radar has been operating at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (Germany) since 2004, measuring cloud parameters continuously. The radar is equipped with a powerful magnetron transmitter and a high-gain antenna resulting in a high sensitivity of −55 dBZ at 5-km height for a 10-s averaging time. The main purpose of the radar is to provide long-term datasets of cloud parameters for model evaluation, satellite validation, and climatological studies. Therefore, the system operates with largely unchanged parameter settings and a vertically pointing antenna. The accuracy of the internal calibration (budget calibration) has been appraised to be 1.3 dB. Cloud parameters are derived by two different approaches: macrophysical parameters have been deduced for the complete period of operation through combination with ceilometer measurements; a more enhanced target classification and the calculation of liquid and ice water contents are realized by algorithms developed in the framework of the European CloudNet project.

Message sequence charts are a widely used notation to express requirements specifications of multi-agent systems. The semantics of message sequence charts can be defined algebraically in the theory of agents and insertion functions. Using this algebra, one can split message sequence chart scenarios into sets of Hoare triples consisting of precondition, the specification of a finite process, and a postcondition. We refer to such triples as "basic protocols." In this paper, we discuss tools to prove properties of systems described as basic protocols, such as the completeness (at each of its stages the system behavior has a possible continuation) and consistency (at each stage the system behavior is deterministic) of the specification, or the correspondence of the specified behavior to given scenarios. Together, these tools constitute a powerful environment for the formal verification of requirements specifications expressed through message sequence charts. *

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A review is given of recent activities undertaken in the Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the development of millimeter-wave radars. The radars constructed include cloud radars and a side-looking airborne radar system. They are capable to perform real-time, high-resolution measurements in the frequency bands of 36 and 95 GHz. The setup of these instruments, the novel technical solutions, and the signal processing technique introduced are discussed. The results obtained with such instruments during measurement campaigns are presented as well.

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