Селекция, семеноводство, технология возделывания и переработка сельскохозяйственных культур: материалы Международной научно-практической конференции -Краснодар: ФГБНУ «ФНЦ риса», 2021. -372 с.Предлагаемый сборник научных материалов составлен на основе представленных докладов, выступлений участников Международной научно-практической конференции «Селекция, семеноводство, технология возделывания и переработка сельскохозяйственных культур», состоявшейся в Федеральном научном центре риса (г. Краснодар) 26-27 августа 2021 года.Представленные в сборнике труды отражают результаты фундаментальных и прикладных исследований в области агропромышленного комплекса. Освещены вопросы селекции, семеноводства, генетики, биотехнологии и молекулярной биологии, защиты, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур. Большинство статей подготовлено молодыми учеными научно-исследовательских и образовательных учреждений РФ.Издание адресовано научным работникам, преподавателям, студентам, аспирантам и специалистам сельского хозяйства.
Rice growing requires highly destructive and highly invasive field management negatively affecting soil biota and its functions. We aimed to compare taxonomic and functional trait compositions of soil macrofauna at different stages of rice cropping cycles in the three temperate rice-growing regions in Russia. Samples were collected in 2016 at four different biotopes in each region: flooded rice paddies; upland crops planted one year after flooded rice; rice paddy bunds; and relatively undisturbed seminatural control grasslands. Collected soil macrofauna were allocated to different traits according to their feeding preferences, vertical distribution, mobility and flood tolerance. The lowest macrofaunal abundance across all regions was observed in rice paddies. Cultivation of upland crops after paddy flooding consistently decreased the abundance of resident macrofauna, but not that of mobile soil macrofauna. In the upland crops, the abundance of belowground and mobile belowground macrofauna was significantly higher than that in control grasslands. The abundance of aboveground phytophages was significantly lower in the upland crops than in control sites. Flood-associated taxa showed low colonization ability after the paddies were drained. In contrast, representatives of other traits recorded in flooded fields increased their abundance at the next stage of crop rotation, demonstrating high resilience within an entire rice-growing system, including bunds. This finding indicates a high potential of seminatural grasslands and especially bunds as sources of rapid restoration of soil macrofauna functional diversity in rice-growing agroecosystems, thus maintaining the sustainability of soil food webs in the rice paddies.
Conventional methods for Fusarium head blight (FHB) control are ineffective. A better understanding of the mechanisms linking the abundance of Fusarium species in soil before winter wheat flowering and mycotoxin content in mature grain may help to improve the effectiveness of methods for FHB control. In this study, we established a field experiment aimed to trace the impact of three types of organic mulch with different C:N ratios on the structure of detrital food webs and the manifestation of winter wheat FHB. T2-toxin content in grain was significantly higher in N-poor treatment (52.1 ± 0.2 µg g−1) compared to N-rich treatment (40.4 ± 1.6 µg g−1). The structure of detrital food webs in the studied treatments changed significantly after mulch addition; the abundance of soil saprophages and mycophages increased up to 50%. Based on the results of mixed-effects modeling, the abundance of herpetobionts and soil mesofauna were positively associated with an increase in Fusarium biomass in grain. The increase in the content of T2-toxin in the grain was associated with an increase in the abundance of earthworms and phytophagous macrofauna in the soil. Results suggest the existence of a previously undescribed mechanism for FHB infection by transfer of pathogenic spores by soil invertebrates, while the content of mycotoxins in grain can be triggered by the grazing activity of soil phytophagous invertebrates.
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