In the manufacturing industry of Pakistan, women are a hardworking yet meagre portion of the workforce with limited workforce rights. This chapter details the work dynamics of women from the manufacturing industries in Pakistan. The key objective of the research is to investigate factors that contribute to the overall job satisfaction of women and to understanding the rewards which hold valence for women supporting designing human resource (HR) policies focusing on increased retention. Primary data were collected through survey (n = 252). Logistic regression analysis was performed with overall job satisfaction as the dependent variable and a list of expected rewards as the independent variables. The results indicated that job security had a significant positive impact on overall job satisfaction and hence was the most crucial factor among the list of expected rewards. The analysis elaborates facets of workplace facilities that are most valued by females. It draws upon some of the key initiatives taken by Punjab government regarding employers' compliance with the reform acts.
In the arid parts of Pakistan, the farmers are socially excluded owing to their lack of access to technology and unaffordability of farm inputs. Two thirds of Pakistan is arid and dependent on rain. Irregular patterns of rainfall also play havoc with agricultural productivity and ultimately affects GDP & food security. The purpose of this research was to observe the existence of social exclusion of the small farmers from different dimensions and to study their neutral relationship. Case studies of 15 farmers were conducted to get information about social exclusion from different dimensions and their relationship. Analysis of the data supports the hypothesis of farmers' social exclusion along a host of dimensions such as education, infrastructure and technological access. The extent of social exclusion is significantly more in the case of farmers living in disadvantaged areas. Most of the farmers do not have enough means to enhance their yield; lack of education, lack of access to adequate water resources and unawareness about modern technologies which is the major contributor to their exclusion.
The report of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) regarding the progress made in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by Punjab, Pakistan claimed that the province veered in its journey to achieve the universal primary education targets. Past evidence showed that the shortage of funds was one among several reasons due to which school education targets of MDGs were not met. Countries all over the world have now signed up for another set of comprehensive Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which need to be achieved by 2030. At present, in Punjab, no attempt has been made to meet the targets set by SDGs. This study attempted to determine how much public spending is required to meet a subset of basic education goals, namely the completion of high-quality pre-primary, primary, and lower secondary education. This study only evaluated public spending on school education in Punjab. For this purpose, data was taken for the period 2008-2019. Based on the results, we must increase our education spending on school education by at least 10% in real terms, annually. Furthermore, if the recent trend of spending on school education continues, the rise in spending will only be 5% in real terms, due to which we will not be able to achieve school education-related SDGs in Punjab, Pakistan. At this time, the best thing that the government can do to stimulate progress in school education targets of SDGs is to provide the amount of resources especially when the race towards the attainment of the SDGs is on in all developing and developed countries. Keywords: expected years of schooling, financial requirements, linear regression, school education, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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