Media Literacy is reckoned as an integral part of learning innovations in modern day technology enabled learning domains. In order to facilitate the information handling and interaction procedures, essence of media literacy cannot be underestimated. Many Organizations and institutions in different setups play a significant role in inculcating media literacy among the citizens of a nation. These organizations are carrying out initiatives for facilitating critical thinking, awareness about different media setups to different stakeholders in both real and virtual environments. They provide user-friendly tools for facilitating educators, researchers, policy makers, young media makers, and students to find the information they are looking for in a timely and organized manner. This chapter attempts to explore, identify and analyze various such organizations that facilitate media literacy in different settings.
Objective: To determine the effect of masks distribution and awareness pamphlets on practices of social distancing and infection prevention at small shops of essential items during the time of COVID 19 Pandemic Methodology: This was a quasi-experimental study in which three cycles of observations were carried out at 120 small shops of essential items before, immediately, and two weeks after the intervention during weekdays and weekends. Interventions introduced included the distribution of masks and awareness pamphlets on physical distancing and infection prevention and an educational session with shopkeepers. The main outcome measures were practices of shopkeepers and customers related to wearing masks properly and maintenance of distance of at least three feet. The outcome indicators were compared using the Cochrane Q test. Results: Before the intervention on weekdays, only 4.1% of shops had any system of hand hygiene which increased to 19.6% immediately post intervention but reduced to 0% two weeks after the intervention. The practice of wearing a mask with nose covered increased from 13.2% before the intervention to 62.3% immediately after the intervention, however, it dropped to 30.8% two weeks after the intervention. Comparison of distance maintenance between the customers showed that none of the customers maintained three feet distance between themselves before the intervention, which improved to 9.5% immediately after the intervention but reduced to 1.8% two weeks after the intervention. Conclusion: Practices of infection prevention at small shops were found to be poor, which showed temporary improvement post-intervention. Sustained regulatory and educational measures are needed to improve the practices.
Kashmir has been a fascinating subject for authors and analysts. Volumes have been documented and published about its multi-faceted aspects in varied forms like manuscripts, rare books and images available in a number of institutions, libraries and museums worldwide. The study explores the institutions and libraries worldwide possessing rare books (published before 1920) about Kashmir using online survey method and documents their bibliographical details. The study aims to analyze subject, chronology and country wise collection strength. The study shows that the maximum collection of the rare books is on travelogue 32.48% followed by Shaivism 1 8.7%. While as the collection on other subjects lies in the range of 2.54%-5.53% with least of 2.54% on Grammar. Literature of 20th century is preserved by maximum of libraries (53.89%) followed by 19th century (44.93%), 18th century (1.08%) and 17th century (0.09%) and none of the library except Cambridge University library possesses a publication of 17th century. The treasure of rare books lies maximum in United States of America (56.7%) followed by Great Britain (35%), Canada(6%), Australia (1.8%) with least in Thailand (0.45%).
Background: Objective of the study was to assess the effect of the intervention on patients/attendant’s awareness of their rights and responsibilities, Healthcare Workers (HCWs) experiences on patients/attendant’s behavior, and their ability to be responsive to them. Methods: This Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post-study was conducted in September 2019 to February 2020 at the Emergency department [ED] of a public sector hospital for 6 months. Pamphlets and Posters on the rights and responsibilities of patients/attendants and HCWs and awareness videos were introduced. HCWs were trained on de-escalation skills, communication, information sharing, and improving responsiveness towards patients and attendants. The assessments were done before and after the interventions with a gap of two month. The qualitative aspect was assessed through 12 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and thematic analysis was conducted. The effect of intervention on HCWs responsiveness was done using quantitative tools. All HCWs in emergency department (ED) and a total of 200 patients and attendants were interviewed before and after the intervention. Data analysis was done by applying paired T-test (for HCWs) and independent T-test (for patients and attendants. Results: There was a significant positive difference (<0.001) in the overall score of responsiveness of HCWs as reported by the patients and attendants. Conclusion: The qualitative assessment revealed that interventional training assisted HCWs in better understanding the patient's expectation; however, the patient and attendant educational component was less effective in changing their behavior. Conclusion: Violence in emergency healthcare settings is inevitable; however, its impact and intensity can be reduced significantly by building the capacity of HCW’s in prevention and de-escalation skills. Training on the component of responsiveness related to autonomy, confidentiality, respect, and reduce waiting showed improvement at the end.
Background: Violence against health care workers has been widely reported in Pakistan. Aims: This study, from September 2019 to April 2020, aimed to determine the effect of low-cost interventions to reduce violent events in two tertiary-care emergency departments in Karachi and Peshawar, Pakistan. Methods. In phase one, a surveillance system was established in each department and information on violent events was recorded for three months. In phase two, low-cost interventions designed to reduce violent events were introduced, e.g. awareness-raising material on violence for patients, training for health care workers and visitor identification cards. Violent events were then recorded for another three months and the percentage difference in number of violent events was calculated. Results: In Karachi, 256 violent events occurred before the intervention and 225 after the intervention, a 12.1% reduction. Physical violence events decreased significantly by 42.9% (P = 0.044). The number of events perpetrated by health care workers decreased by 61.9% (P = 0.016) while those perpetrated by patients decreased only by 5.7% (P = 0.538). In Peshawar,90 violent events occurred before the intervention and 45 events after, a 50.0% reduction (P = 0.009). The number of events perpetrated by health care workers was the same in both phases. Events perpetrated by patients or their companions decreased significantly by 59.72% (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Violence against health care workers can be reduced significantly by improving their prevention and de-escalation skills. Client educational interventions, supplemented with hospital regulations and patient guidance, can also help reduce the incidence of violent events.
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