Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Ulva intestinalis and fractionated using DEAE Sepharose fast flow column to identify their molecular properties and macrophage cells stimulating activities. Crude and fractions (F and F) were formed of neutral sugars (58.7-74.7%), sulfates (6.2-24.5%), uronic acids (4.9-5.9%) and proteins (3.2-10.4%). Different levels of sugar constituents including rhamnose (30.1-39.1%), glucose (39.0-48.4%), galactose (0.0-15.8%), xylose (8.5-11.3) and arabinose (0.0-5.1%). The molecular weight (M) of crude and fractionated polysaccharides ranged from 87.1 × 10 to 194.1 × 10 (g/mol). Crude polysaccharides were not toxic to RAW264.7 cells and fractions induced cell proliferation. Fraction F stimulated RAW264.7 cells to release considerable amounts of nitric oxide, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokines. The main backbone of the most immunostimulating polysaccharide (F) was consisted of mixed linkages of (1 → 2)-linked rhamnose and (1 → 2)-linked glucose residues.
This research aimed to extract polysaccharides and improve the property of sulphate-modified purple glutinous rice bran, cv. Kum Doi Saket. The effects of temperature, ratio of sulphur trioxide-trimethylamine (STMA) to sample and reaction times were studied. The results showed that the degree of substitution (DS) of sulphated polysaccharides was 0.01-0.53. Low molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides were obtained, and the functional groups of the sulphated polysaccharides were confirmed using FT-IR. No enhancement of the antioxidant activity of the sulphated polysaccharides was observed. Interestingly, immunomodulatory activity, including inducing cytokine production (iNOS, TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-10) via up-regulated mRNA expression, was significantly increased by 10-86% when compared to the crude polysaccharides.
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