West Nile virus (WNV) could be introduced into Germany via migratory birds originating from Africa or southern Europe and subsequently transmitted to indigenous birds, humans, or horses by mosquitoes. Neither the virus itself nor antibodies against WNV have yet to be found in mosquitoes and horses, whereas antibodies have been detected in migrating birds and in humans that were in close contact with birds. At present, the West Nile virus itself has yet to be detected in Germany. This investigation was conducted primarily in major bird breeding, resting, and roosting habitats (hotspots) in the Upper rhine Valley. Adult mosquitoes were trapped using cO 2 -baited Encephalitis Vector surveillance (EVs)-traps and were tested for WNV by the VecTest WNV Antigen Assay. In 2007 and 2008, a total of 11,073 host-seeking adult female mosquitoes (13 species) were tested, and all tests were negative for WNV. statistical calculations could be performed only where sufficient numbers of mosquitoes were trapped. For these sites, WNV infection among mosquitoes could be ruled out with 80% certainty. For the evaluation of the WNV situation in Germany, the results of this investigation are a further indication that the virus has not yet arrived. Journal of Vector Ecology 35 (1): 140-143. 2010.
Since 1980, mosquito breeding habitats in the Upper Rhine Valley were routinely treated with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). Bti is considered to significantly reduce the number of mosquitoes, and - especially when used in higher dosages - to be toxic to other Nematocera species, e.g. Chironomidae, which could be food sources for aerial feeding predators. To investigate direct and indirect effects of routine Bti treatment on food sources for aerial feeding predators, the availability of flying insects in treated and untreated areas was compared. A car trap was used for insect collection, which allowed their exact spatiotemporal assignment. The statistical analysis revealed that insect taxa abundance was influenced differently by the factors season, temperature and time of day. Nematocera (Diptera) were the most frequently collected insects in all areas. Chironomidae were the predominant aquatic Nematocera. The comparison of treated and untreated sites did not show significant differences that would indicate any direct or indirect effect of routine Bti treatment on the availability of flying insects. Additional to food availability, food selection must be considered when investigating food resources for aerial feeding predators. In this study, food selection of Delichon urbicum (House Martin) as an example was investigated with the help of neck ring samples. The preferred prey of the investigated D. urbicum colony consisted of diurnal insects with terrestrial larvae (Aphidina, Brachycera, Coleoptera). Chironomidae were consumed, but not preferred.
The decomposition of 7-cumyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by cobalt phthalocyanine in the solvent system decalin-3-chlorotoluene (40°C) follows the 2nd order kinetics in the absence of N-(2-naphthyl)aniline and that of the 1st order in the presence of the inhibitor. The effect of composition of the solvent system on the rate constants and on the quotient of the initial rates in presence and in absence of inhibitor and the mechanism of the decomposition are discussed. Nickel phthalocyanine has an inhibiting effect on the decomposition of 7-cumyl hydroperoxide in the solvent systems decalin-1-chloronaphthalene and 3-chlorotoluene-1-chloronaphthalene (120°C). Decomposition starts after addition of N-(2-naphthyl)aniline. After an autocatalytical phase the reaction follows 1st order kinetics. The rate constants depend on the composition of the solvent system. The temperature dependence of the decomposition on 1-chloronaphthalene was determined. The anomalous slope of the Arrhenius plot is discussed.
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