The employment of tools and techniques for monitoring and supervising the performance of industrial systems has become essential for enterprises that seek to be more competitive in today’s market. The main reason is the need for validating tasks that are executed by systems, such as industrial machines, which are involved in production processes. The early detection of malfunctions and/or improvable system values permits the anticipation to critical issues that may delay or even disallow productivity. Advances on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)-based technologies allows the collection of data on system runtime. In fact, the data is not only collected but formatted and integrated in computer nodes. Then, the formatted data can be further processed and analyzed. This article focuses on the utilization of standard Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), which are a set of parameters that permit the evaluation of the performance of systems. More precisely, the presented research work demonstrates the implementation and visualization of a set of KPIs defined in the ISO 22400 standard-Automation systems and integration, for manufacturing operations management. The approach is validated within a discrete manufacturing web-based interface that is currently used for monitoring and controlling an assembly line at runtime. The selected ISO 22400 KPIs are described within an ontology, which the description is done according to the data models included in the KPI Markup Language (KPIML), which is an XML implementation developed by the Manufacturing Enterprise Solutions Association (MESA) international organization.
Higher order sectorization and the site densification are the two renowned solutions for the cellular system capacity crunch. However, in order to take adequate benefits of these techniques they should be implemented with optimal antenna configuration. This chapter highlights the gain of using an optimized antenna configuration for three- and six-sector sites in achieving a better network coverage and network quality (i.e., capacity). Unlike traditional wide 65° HPBW antenna, this chapter also focuses on the use of other narrow HPBW antennas for three- and six-sector sites. This chapter provides detailed analysis of network performance from coverage, capacity, spectral-efficiency, power-efficiency, and cost-efficiency point of view. It also provides a fair comparison between the network rollout with traditional three-sector sites and higher order six-sector sites. Similarly, the impact of site densification along with sector densification is also studied in this chapter.
Variations are an unwelcome but unavoidable part of any construction project, and they are the most common source of claims that lead to time and cost overruns. Projects with a lot of variation cause the contractor's production to be lower than expected. The impact of variation on the cost performance of public building projects was investigated in this study. Through a well-structured questionnaire, primary and secondary data were gathered from the Kebbi State Housing Corporation and the Kebbi State Ministry of Works and Transport, BirninKebbi, through which 58 questionnaires were administered and 52 retrieved. Correlation analysis, the Relative Importance Index (RII), the Mean Item Score (MIS), and the Relative Importance Index (RII) were used for the data analysis. Changes in specifications were determined to be the most common cause of variation on public building projects (RII = 0.96). It was also revealed that the initial and final contract sums have a strong, positive, and significant link. The most effective technique for reducing the frequency of variation was determined to be client, consultant, and contractor efforts to restrict variation orders (MIS=4.89). The influence of variation on the cost performance of public building projects was shown to be significant.
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