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This study expands a new competing-risks model for the prediction of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate using maternal demographic characteristics and medical history and second-trimester fetal biometry. This approach involves a joint prior distribution of gestational age at delivery and birth-weight Z-score, updated by the biomarkers' likelihood according to Bayes' theorem. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was expressed conditionally to gestational age at delivery and birth-weight Z-score. The association between EFW and birth weight was steeper for earlier gestations. The prediction of SGA was better for increasing degree of prematurity and greater severity of smallness. What are the clinical implications of this work?A competing-risks model using maternal demographic characteristics and medical history and second-trimester fetal biometry provides effective risk stratification for a SGA neonate.

The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak influenced general and mental health worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the anxiety level during the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women and compare it between COVID-infected and non-infected groups. We prospectively assessed the daily routine and anxiety level using a bespoke questionnaire and GAD-7 scale validated for pregnant women. With logistic regression, we established possible risk factors of generalized anxiety disorder spectrum and main causes of concern. The dataset included 439 responders of our survey. Of which, 21% had COVID-19 infection during pregnancy; 38% were screened for possible generalized anxiety disorder and the proportion was higher in women who suffered from COVID-19 (48% vs. 35%, p = 0.03). Pre-pregnancy anxiety or depression diagnosis and intentional social contact avoidance increased the risk of anxiety (aOR 3.4 and 3.2). Fetal wellbeing was the main concern for 66% of the responders. The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions substantially altered daily lives of pregnant women, exaggerating the prevalence of anxiety compared with the pre-COVID-19 studies (38% vs. 15%). COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was associated with increased levels of generalized anxiety scores. Patient-tailored psychological support should be a mainstay of comprehensive antenatal medical care in order to avoid anxiety- and stress-related complications.

Objective To examine the predictive performance of the relevant guideline by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) for neonates that are small for gestational age (SGA), and to compare the performance of the RCOG guideline with that of our competing risks model for SGA. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Obstetric ultrasound departments in two UK maternity hospitals. Population A total of 96 678 women with singleton pregnancies attending for routine ultrasound examination at 19–24 weeks of gestation. Methods Risks for SGA for different thresholds were computed, according to the competing risks model using maternal history, second‐trimester estimated fetal weight, uterine artery pulsatility index and mean arterial pressure. The detection rates by the RCOG guideline scoring system and the competing risks model for SGA were compared, at the screen positive rate (SPR) derived from the RCOG guideline. Main outcome measures Small for gestational age (SGA), <10th or <3rd percentile, for different gestational age thresholds. Results At an SPR of 22.5%, as defined by the RCOG guideline, the competing risks model predicted 56, 72 and 81% of cases of neonates that are SGA, with birthweights of <10th percentile, delivered at ≥37, <37 and <32 weeks of gestation, respectively, which were significantly higher than the respective figures of 36, 44 and 45% achieved by the application of the RCOG guideline. The respective figures for neonates that were SGA with birthweights of <3rd percentile were 66, 79, 85 and 41, 45, 44%. Conclusion The detection rate for neonates that were SGA with the competing risk approach is almost double than that obtained with the RCOG guideline. Tweetable abstract The competing risks approach for the prediction of SGA performs better than the existing RCOG guideline.

Objectives First, to investigate the additive value of second‐trimester placental growth factor (PlGF) for the prediction of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate. Second, to examine second‐trimester contingent screening strategies. Methods This was a prospective observational study in women with singleton pregnancy undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 19–24 weeks' gestation. We used the competing‐risks model for prediction of SGA. The parameters for the prior model and the likelihoods for estimated fetal weight (EFW) and uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) were those presented in previous studies. A folded‐plane regression model was fitted in the dataset of this study to describe the likelihood of PlGF. We compared the prediction of screening by maternal risk factors against the prediction provided by a combination of maternal risk factors, EFW, UtA‐PI and PlGF. We also examined the additive value of PlGF in a policy that uses maternal risk factors, EFW and UtA‐PI. Results The study population included 40 241 singleton pregnancies. Overall, the prediction of SGA improved with increasing degree of prematurity, with increasing severity of smallness and in the presence of coexisting pre‐eclampsia. The combination of maternal risk factors, EFW, UtA‐PI and PlGF improved significantly the prediction provided by maternal risk factors alone for all the examined cut‐offs of birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Screening by a combination of maternal risk factors and serum PlGF improved the prediction of SGA when compared to screening by maternal risk factors alone. However, the incremental improvement in prediction was decreased when PlGF was added to screening by a combination of maternal risk factors, EFW and UtA‐PI. If first‐line screening for a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th percentile delivered at < 37 weeks' gestation was by maternal risk factors and EFW, the same detection rate of 90%, at an overall false‐positive rate (FPR) of 50%, as that achieved by screening with maternal risk factors, EFW, UtA‐PI and PlGF in the whole population can be achieved by reserving measurements of UtA‐PI and PlGF for only 80% of the population. Similarly, in screening for a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th percentile delivered at < 30 weeks, the same detection rate of 90%, at an overall FPR of 14%, as that achieved by screening with maternal risk factors, EFW, UtA‐PI and PlGF in the whole population can be achieved by reserving measurements of UtA‐PI and PlGF for only 70% of the population. The additive value of PlGF in reducing the FPR to about 10% with a simultaneous detection rate of 90% for a SGA neonate with birth weight < 3rd percentile born < 30 weeks, is gained by measuring PlGF in only 50% of the population when first‐line screening is by maternal factors, EFW and UtA‐PI. Conclusions The combination of maternal risk factors, EFW, UtA‐PI and PlGF provides effective second‐trimester prediction of SGA. Serum PlGF is useful for predicting a SGA neonate with birth weight < 3rd percenti...

Pregnancy is a well-known factor for vaccine hesitancy and immunization remains the most effective form of prevention against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related complications. The objective was to estimate vaccine uptake and hesitancy rate, characteristics, and factors contributing to a decision-making process among pregnant and postpartum individuals. This was a prospective cross-sectional study on 1033 pregnant (54.1%) and postpartum (45.9%) women conducted between December 2021 and March 2022 in a tertiary center for maternal–fetal medicine. Logistic regression was used to assess characteristics related to the vaccination decision process. Among responders, 74% were vaccinated and 26% were hesitant (9% planning to vaccinate and 17% totally opposed). Only 59.8% were offered a vaccine by healthcare professionals. Women with higher levels of education (OR 2.26, p < 0.0001), who received positive feedback about vaccination (OR 2.74, p = 0.0172), or were informed about COVID-19 complications in pregnancy (OR 2.6, p < 0.0001) were most likely to accept the vaccination. Hesitancy was associated with multiparity (≥3, OR 4.76, p = 0.006), worse educational status (OR 2.29, p < 0.0001), and lack of previous COVID-19 infection (OR 1.89, p < 0.0001). The most common reason for rejection was insufficient safety data (57%). Understanding factors behind vaccination status is crucial in lowering complications in mothers and newborns and targeted action may facilitate the uptake.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the most formidable challenges in present-day antenatal care. Pathological fetal growth is a well-known factor of not only in utero demise in the third trimester, but also postnatal morbidity and unfavorable developmental outcomes, including long-term sequalae such as metabolic diseases, diabetic mellitus or hypertension. In this review, the authors present the current state of knowledge about the genetic disturbances responsible for FGR diagnosis, divided into fetal, placental and maternal causes (including preeclampsia), as well as their impact on prenatal diagnostics, with particular attention on chromosomal microarray (CMA) and noninvasive prenatal testing technique (NIPT).

It is now well established that acetylsalicylic acid - one of the most widely prescribed drugs today - has brought a new era in maternal-fetal medicine. The History of medicine mentions several antecedents. Extracts made from willow contained in clay tablets are reported in both ancient Sumer and Egypt. In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers. In the 1950s, acetylsalicylic acid entered the Guinness Book of Records as the highest selling painkiller. There is little doubt that acetylsalicylic acid - one of the first drugs to enter common usage - remains one of the most researched drugs in the world.