Incorporation of two types of ash particles into flexible polyurethane foams has been investigated, wood ash from gasification process and fly ash resulting from coal burning in power plant. Samples were modified with 5, 10 and 15 wt% of fillers. Structure, mechanical and thermal properties of obtained foams were investigated. Incorporation of both types of ash particles resulted in materials showing satisfactory mechanical properties, simultaneously decreasing their density. Addition of fly ash inhibited noticeably thermal degradation of material, because of the thermal insulation effect of gas trapped in the spherical ash particles. Results of research show that fly ash can be successfully used as a modifier of thermal properties in polyurethane foams, enhancing the economical aspect of the production through the decrease of material's density and incorporation of low cost filler.
The kinetics of the Zn II electroreduction has been studied in H 2 O, H 2 O methanol (MeOH), H 2 O dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) mixtures as well as in these solutions with an addition of thiourea (TU) as a function of temperature. The diffusion coef®cients, the formal potentials and the standard rate constants have been determined. These measurements made it possible to obtain the real activation energy of the electrode process. The presence of TU decreased the values of the real energy of activation of the electrode process in all the investigated solutions.
This article aims at presenting a Soviet model of public health service, the so-called Siemaszko model, and its implementation in the People’s Republic of Poland (1944/45–1953). Based on the Marx’s and Lenin’s interpretations, the Soviet model assumed a universal nature of health service, financing healthcare from the public purse, full state (party) control over public health, full access to medical services for all, entire staff put on the public payroll and state education for medical personnel. After the Second World War a modified version of that model was implemented in the so-called people’s democracies (i.e. communist countries). In the post-war years, a two-stage implementation of this socialist model was rolled out in the People’s Republic of Poland. The first stage, in 1944–48, was based on the so-called multisector approach. The second began in 1948 and assumed a full and planned unification and nationalisation of the healthcare system.
The authors of the article carried out an analysis of sports contacts between Poland and Romania in the time of Stalinism by taking into account the ideological and organisational changes in both countries' sport as well as sport rivalry. Of importance was also presenting the implementation of the Soviet model of physical culture in Poland and Romania coupled with difficulties and barriers to sports cooperation between Poland and Romania.
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