International audienceMicrotremors are produced by multiple random sources close to the surface of the Earth. They may include the effects of multiple scattering, which suggests that their intensities could be well described by diffusion-like equations. Within this theoretical framework, the average autocorrelation of the motions at a given receiver, in the frequency domain, measures average energy density and is proportional to the imaginary part of the Green's function (GF) when both source and receiver are the same. Assuming the seismic field is diffuse we compute the H/V ratio for a surface receiver on a horizontally layered medium in terms of the imaginary part of the GF at the source. This theory links average energy densities with the GF in 3-D and considers the H/V ratio as an intrinsic property of the medium. Therefore, our approach naturally allows for the inversion of H/V, the well-known Nakamura's ratio including the contributions of Rayleigh, Love and body waves. Broad-band noise records at Texcoco, a soft soil site near Mexico City, are studied and interpreted using this theory

Summary The diffraction of SH waves by a finite plane crack is studied. The classical Sommerfeld solution for a semi‐infinite straight reflecting screen is used as a building block to calculate the diffracted field generated by a finite crack. The solution is derived from the analysis of the behaviour of diffracted waves. These waves, which are first generated at the edges of the crack, travel along the surfaces and are diffracted/reflected at the opposite edge. By iteratively taking into account the contribution to the total field of these travelling waves, an infinite series with a known limit is constructed, leading to an approximate analytical solution for the case of a finite plane crack. This solution is virtually exact for large frequencies and it is very good for incoming wavelengths of up to four times the size of the crack. Since the solution is explicit the computational cost is very low. Both frequency and time‐domain results are included.

In the following paper, we present a way to accelerate the speed of convergence of the fractional Newton–Raphson (F N–R) method, which seems to have an order of convergence at least linearly for the case in which the order α of the derivative is different from one. A simplified way of constructing the Riemann–Liouville (R–L) fractional operators, fractional integral and fractional derivative is presented along with examples of its application on different functions. Furthermore, an introduction to Aitken’s method is made and it is explained why it has the ability to accelerate the convergence of the iterative methods, in order to finally present the results that were obtained when implementing Aitken’s method in the F N–R method, where it is shown that F N–R with Aitken’s method converges faster than the simple F N–R.

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S U M M A R YThe scattering of elastic waves by cracks is an old problem and various ways to solve it have been proposed in the last decades. One approach is using dual integral equations, another useful and common formulation is the Boundary Element Method (BEM). With the last one, the boundary conditions of the crack lead to hyper-singularities and particular care should be taken to regularize and solve the resulting integral equations.In this work, instead, the Indirect Boundary Element Method (IBEM) is applied to study problems of zero-thickness 2-D cracks. The IBEM yields the Crack Opening Displacement (COD) which is used to evaluate the solution away from the crack. We use a multiregional approach which consists of splitting a boundary S into two identical boundaries S + and S − chosen such that the cracks lie in the interface. The resulting integral equations are not hyper-singular and wave propagation within media that contain zero-thickness cracks can be rigorously solved.In order to validate the method, we deal with the scalar case, namely the scattering of antiplane SH waves by a 2-D crack. We compare results against a recently published analytic solution, obtaining an excellent agreement. This comparison gives us confidence to study cases where no analytic solutions exist. Some examples of incidence of P-or SV waves are depicted and the salient aspects of the method are also discussed.