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3D printing of a complex and irregular virtual defect using SiO2 nanoparticle and hydrogel composite ink for patient specific defect fabrication.

The rapid spread of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be extremely detrimental and can lead to seasonal epidemics or even pandemic situations. In addition, these microorganisms may bring about fouling of food and essential materials resulting in substantial economic losses. Typically, the microorganisms get transmitted by their attachment and growth on various household and high contact surfaces such as doors, switches, currency. To prevent the rapid spread of microorganisms, it is essential to understand the interaction between various microbes and surfaces which result in their attachment and growth. Such understanding is crucial in the development of antimicrobial surfaces. Here, we have reviewed different approaches to make antimicrobial surfaces and correlated surface properties with antimicrobial activities. This review concentrates on physical and chemical modification of the surfaces to modulate wettability, surface topography, and surface charge to inhibit microbial adhesion, growth, and proliferation. Based on these aspects, antimicrobial surfaces are classified into patterned surfaces, functionalized surfaces, superwettable surfaces, and smart surfaces. We have critically discussed the important findings from systems of developing antimicrobial surfaces along with the limitations of the current research and the gap that needs to be bridged before these approaches are put into practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0.

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We present a facile and scalable approach to develop lotus leaf as well rose petal like superhydrophobic surfaces using fly ash (an industrial waste obtained from the burning of coal). To achieve this, as‐obtained fly ash powder with wide particle size distribution (FA) was processed through sedimentation technique to obtain fly ash powder with narrower particle size distribution (FAS) and modified with two different concentrations of stearic acid (SA) and treated at two different temperatures – one each below and above melting point of SA. All samples showed superhydrophobicity, where, the water contact angle (WCA) increased with an increase in the amount of stearic acid and modification temperature. Interestingly, the water droplets roll‐off from the modified FA surfaces at a small tilting angle of 5° similar to the lotus leaf, whereas, the modified FAS surfaces exhibited high adhesion for water droplets even when inverted, as in case of the rose petal. It was seen that drying at temperature lower than melting temperature of stearic acid introduced additional roughness, yet the WCA decreased. This is investigated to understand the effect of topology and substrate nature on WCA in different wetting states.

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