Long term use of aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events is limited by its gastrointestinal adverse effects, and, therefore, patients at high risk should receive gastroprotective agents. However, gastroprotective drugs also have a few adverse effects that require searching for safe and effective alternatives. The composites combining the swelling properties of clays and the biological activity of polysaccharides seem to be promising candidates for gastrointestinal protection. This study aimed to characterize pectin/montmorillonite composites and evaluate their protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract of rats taking aspirin over a long period. A series of composites based on montmorillonite (ММТ) and low esterified pectin (Pec) was synthesized using the adsorption-precipitation method. The polysaccharide to clay weight ratios were 1:19, 1:9, and 1:4. The composites were characterized using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Pectin was completely fixed on MMT, and the polysaccharide content in the composites was approximately 5, 10, and 20 wt%, respectively. The shifting of the absorption band of the C=O group of the pectin indicated the interaction of the polysaccharide with the clay, confirming effective immobilization of Pec on MMT. Modification with pectin changed the morphology and structure of the MMT due to the surface coating and intercalation into the interlayer space. The composites swelled in acidified water (pH = 2.0), and their swelling ability was higher to compare with unmodified MMT. The sorption capacity of Pec/MMT composites towards acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was decreased from 6.8 to 1.0 mg g-1 with increasing of pectin content from 5 to 20 wt%. The hybrid composites promoted the protection of the gastrointestinal tract of rats, which were administered ASA with Pec/MMTs for 16 days. Protective properties of the Pec/MMT have been improved with increasing pectin content from 5 to 20 wt%.
Chronic treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid may cause a number of adverse effects and chronic conditions. Intestinal adsorbents based on natural materials are used to prevent or treat various intoxications. In this study, it was described detoxification and protective effect of composite pectin/montmorillonite intestinal adsorbents in rats receiving high doses of acetylsalicylic acid. 60 Wistar rats received 100 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid without or together with composite intestinal adsorbents based on montmorillonite and 5%, 10%, and 20% pectin. After 16 days of the experiment, blood samples were collected to measure blood biochemistry profiles, including levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol and liver enzymes. It was observed significant changes in blood biochemistry profile as well as in liver enzyme levels in rats receiving acetylsalicylic acid for 16 days. Concomitant administration of acetylsalicylic acid and
composite intestinal adsorbents based on montmorillonite and 5%, 10%, and 20% pectin provided a protective effect as judged by recovery of blood biochemistry and liver enzyme profiles to control levels. The composite adsorbent with 20% pectin had maximum effect. Therefore, pectin/montmorillonite intestinal adsorbents can be used to decrease gastrointestinal irritation and adverse effects of drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid.
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