We present the first phase R&D for the 800 kW cw, 650 MHz klystron for the future circular electron–positron collider (CEPC) project in China. The CEPC requires 192 klystrons and it is desired to be designed in the Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, and manufactured domestically. Therefore, we present the manufacturing schedule of this project; the three-stage development from the beam test tube to the klystron having a high efficiency structure. Design of the beam test tube that comprises electron gun and collector is presented. First, gun simulation having a modulating anode is performed using DGUN software. The uniform beam trajectories with a beam perveance of 0.64 μA/V3/2 are simulated. We employ a Ba-dispenser cathode of radius 35 mm with ϕ10 hole at the center and obtain a current density on cathode less than 0.45 A/cm2. The beam trajectories are also simulated over beam test tube of length about 2 m with a magnetic field of 213 Gauss. Thermal analysis of the collector is performed using the ANSIS-CFX code and hence the cooling structure is determined. Mechanical design is almost carried out and it is in manufacturing stage.
This paper presents the first phase of design, analysis, and simulation for the klystron coaxial radio frequency (RF) output window. This study is motivated by 800 kW continuous wave (CW), 650 MHz klystrons for the future plan of circular electron-positron collider (CEPC) project. The RF window which is used in the klystron output section has a function to separate the klystron from the inner vacuum side to the outside, and high RF power propagates through the window with small power dissipation. Therefore, the window is a key component for the high power klystron. However, it is vulnerable to the high thermal stress and multipacting, so this paper presents the window design and analysis for these problems. The microwave design has been performed by using the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio and the return loss of the window has been established to be less than −90 dB. The multipacting simulation of the window has been carried out using MultiPac and CST particles studio. Through the multipacting analysis, it is shown that with thin coating of TiN, the multipacting effect has been suppressed effectively on the ceramic surface. The thermal analysis is carried out using ANSYS code and the temperature of alumina ceramic is lower than 310 K with water cooling. The design result successfully meets the requirement of the CEPC 650 MHz klystron. The manufacturing and high power test plan are also described in this paper.
Effect of compression casting technique on the water absorption characteristics of low grade 100% Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) of target strength range 11 to 15 MPa to be used in the manufacturing of masonry units is investigated. Water absorption characteristics were determined by performing sorptivity test. Recycled aggregates were produced by crushing laboratory-tested concrete samples of strength ranging from 21 MPa to 28 MPa. Two different ratios of recycled coarse aggregate and recycled fine aggregates were investigated using two different cement contents. For comparison, natural aggregate concrete mixes were also tested. The study parameter included effect of aggregates type, casting pressure, casting technique and cement content on the water absorption properties of RAC. Further, depth of penetration of salt was observed using silver nitrate solution after 3-month immersion in 10% NaCl solution. The results of sorptivity test showed positive impact of compression casting technique on water absorption properties of low grade 100% RAC. Further, results showed that RAC mixes exhibited inferior water absorption properties compared to natural aggregates concrete mixes. Various equations were proposed to predict water absorption of 100% RAC under different conditions of casting pressure and cement content based on initial and secondary rate of water absorption.
To reduce the energy demand and operation cost for circular electron positron collider (CEPC), the high efficiency klystrons are being developed at Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A 800-kW continuous wave (CW) klystron operating at frequency of 650-MHz has been designed. The results of beam–wave interaction simulation with several different codes are presented. The efficiency is optimized to be 65% with a second harmonic cavity in three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell code CST. The effect of cavity frequency error and mismatch load on efficiency of klystron have been investigated. The design and cold test of reentrant cavities are described, which meet the requirements of RF section design. So far, the manufacturing and high-power test of the first klystron prototype have been completed. When the gun operated at DC voltage of 80 kV and current of 15.4 A, the klystron peak power reached 804 kW with output efficiency of about 65.3% at 40% duty cycle. The 1-dB bandwidth is ±0.8 MHZ. Due to the crack of ceramic window, the CW power achieved about 700 kW. The high-power test results are in good agreement with 3D simulation.
Purpose: Considering the predatory effectiveness of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), studies were carried out at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan to determine the feeding potential and developmental period of its larval instars on Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).Research Method: Eggs, 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd nymphal instars and adults of P. marginatus were provided to all three larval instars of C. carnea in a Completely Randomized Design experiment, replicated ten times.
Findings:Results indicated that all C. carnea larval instars were found to feed on all P. marginatus stages.
The beam power of the CEPC Collider is about 60 MW, so an efficiency of an RF power source is very important for cost of project implementation. The most popular source for an accelerator is a klystron, which has the advantage that it can be operated at high power with a reasonable high efficiency. IHEP is developing 650 MHz klystron with 800 kW CW output power and 80% efficiency. To reach this goal, a couple of klystron prototypes will be manufactured in the near future. The first prototype is completely manufactured by Institute of Electronics (IE) and GLVAC Company and the first step of high-power conditioning and commissioning is also completed in IHEP. The design schemes of high-efficiency klystron are also in progress.
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