These normative data will be useful for clinicians in the assessment of balance of individual children and in the diagnosis of potential balance deficits at an early age in the Turkish population.

Abstract. Understanding and explaining perception of touch is a nontrivial task. Even seemingly trivial differences in exploration may potentially have a significant impact on perception and levels of discrimination. In this study, we explore different aspects of contact related to stiffness perception and their effects on the just noticeable difference (JND) of stiffness are surveyed. An experiment has been performed on nondeformable, compliant objects in a virtual environment with three different types of contact: Discontinuous pressure, continuous pressure and continuous lateral motion. The result shows a significantly better discrimination performance in the case of continuous pressure (a special case of nonlinearity), which can be explained by the concept of haptic memory. Moreover, it is found that the perception is worse for the changes that occur along the lateral axis than the normal axis.

Aim: To investigate the energy expenditure of amateur eSport athletes between sitting and an eSport gaming session. Materials & methods: Eleven amateur male eSport athletes (age: 21.73 ± 3.50 years, weight: 76.00 ± 12.51 kg, height: 1.81 ± 0.06 m) were included. After recording the resting values, eSports playing values were recorded using an open circulation oxygen consumption analyzer (QuarkCPET, COSMED, Albano Laziale, Italy). Also, action per min (APM) scores were recorded. Results: When comparing the respiratory frequency, metabolic equivalent of task values and energy expenditure values of the participants, a significant increase was observed in all three values (p < 0.05 for each). Conclusion: eSports players, who are considered to be physically inactive by sitting, spend approximately 40% more energy than sitting, even at the amateur level. According to APM, more energy can be spent in tournaments and at the elite level.

No abstract

The ankle dorsiflexor muscle strength might be increased by performing Maitland Grade III mobilization and this increase might be preserved for 30 minutes, while Maitland Grade I mobilization did not lead a such improvement in healthy participants.