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Abstract. This work presents the EFDA Times model (ETM), developed within the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA). ETM is an optimization global energy model which aims at providing the optimum energy system composition in terms of social wealth and sustainability including fusion as an alternative technology in the long term. Two framework scenarios are defined: a Base case scenario with no limits to CO 2 emissions, and a 450ppm scenario with a limit of 450ppm in CO 2 -eq concentrations set by 2100. Previous results showed that in the Base case scenario, with no measures for CO 2 emission reductions, fusion does not enter the energy system. However, when CO 2 emission restrictions are imposed, the global energy system composition changes completely. In a 450ppm scenario, coal technologies disappear in a few decades, being mainly replaced by nuclear fission technologies which experience a great increase when constrained only by Uranium resources exhaustion. Fission technologies are then replaced by the fusion power plants that start in 2070, with a significant contribution to the global electricity production by 2100. To conclude the work, a sensitivity analysis will be presented on some parameters that may affect the possible role of fusion in the future global energy system.

International audienceIn 2014, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) published a global renewable energy roadmap—called REmap 2030—to double the share of renewables in the global energy mix by 2030 compared to 2010 (IRENA, A Renewable Energy Roadmap, 2014a). A REmap tool was developed to facilitate a transparent and open framework to aggregate the national renewable energy plans and/or scenarios of 26 countries. Unlike the energy systems models by IEA-ETSAP teams, however, the REmap tool does not account for trade-offs between renewable energy and energy efficiency activities, system planning issues like path dependency and investments in the grid infrastructure, competition for scarce resources— e.g. biomass—in the commodity prices, or dynamic cost developments as technologies get deployed over time. This chapter compares the REmap tool with the IEA-ETSAP models at two levels: the results and the insights. Based on the results comparison, it can be concluded that the REmap tool can be used as a way to explicitly engage national experts, to scope renewable energy options, and to compare results across countries. However, the ETSAP models provide detailed insights into the infrastructure requirements, competition between technologies and resources, and the role of energy efficiency needed for planning purposes. These insights are particularly relevant for countries with infrastructure constraints and/or ambitious renewable energy targets. As more and more countries are turning to renewables to secure their energy future, the REmap tool and the ETSAP models have complementary roles to play in engaging policy makers and national energy planners to advance renewables

ICT for a low carbon society is a new research topic, also supported by the current research programs of the European Commission. The main characteristic of this area is the presence of multi-disciplinary problems spanning from the energy and environment fields to macroeconomics and societal life. Energy plays a key role here as the energy market is tightly coupled with environmental policies. A common grounding for the application of the various analysis methods and tools has to be settled to solve these problems and to reach a holistic view of the society and of its possible evolutions. In this context, we focus on the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and analyze some challenges that can be addressed by ICT. Then we present a first step towards a formal specification of a common and integrated understanding of such domain, motivated by the challenges we have identified. In particular, we discuss the ontological foundations for the development of ETS-related ontologies, of which we present a first example together with a description of an envisaged practical application.

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