Urban migration unlocks new employment opportunities for rural dwellers in a productive manner. This study assessed the quality of employment of migrant workers, and its effect on rural households’ welfare. To this end, we used primary data collected from the four major districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. These data include 504 immigrant and non-immigrant families in rural areas, and 252 migrant workers in urban destinations. We use IV probit and two-step sequential estimation methods for the empirical analysis. The study provides new insights for migration in Pakistan. First, migrant workers are better off in their new urban settings in terms of improved incomes and living conditions, but their social protection status is still poor. Second, the results of the employment quality models show that migration is a successful strategy for rural households to improve the quality of their employment. In addition, the characteristics of migrants and native households affect the relative improvement in the quality of employment and migrants’ conditions. Third, the results of the propensity score matching technique suggest that migration has a positive impact on rural households’ income, and these impacts are more pronounced in large cities. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should invest in quality education in rural areas, and ensure that social security schemes are provided for migrant workers in urban areas.

The purpose of this service activity is to provide motivation with the aim of relying on boring, tedious, and frightening learning methods through the total use of internet-based learning media. The technique of enforcing network provider is withinside the shape of Work Shop Guidance and Counseling on Learning Media Innovations for Teachers on the Telukjambe Karawang Commissariat. The topics of the provider had been the lecturers of the Public and Private Middle Schools of the Telukjambe Commissariat, Karawang Regency. The provider tool used is a questionnaire approximately motivation in enforcing using net media as an innovation in gaining knowledge of. The effects of this provider had been obtained, namely (1) The belief of instructors in developing gaining knowledge of media turned into commonly very enthusiastic, however wished the guide of centers and infrastructure, (2) The motivation for innovation of instructors in developing gaining knowledge of media turned into very enthusiastic, (3) The motivation to put into effect the coaching and gaining knowledge of method via gaining knowledge of media improvements, it seems that nearly 1/2 of of them said that they had been prepared to perform improvements withinside the gaining knowledge of method, and (4) the incentive for gaining knowledge of improvements to be made into medical writings, evidently this nevertheless has a tendency to now no longer but provide an positive signal.

The rate of urbanization in Pakistan especially in Punjab is quite high. The reason behind this is the high population growth that is about 2.4 percent in the last decade. This causes a burden on the farm size and in rural areas people have no choice except to move in the urban areas for their livelihood. The main objective of this study was to identify the key influential factors that affect the decision to migrate. Study evaluated the impact of economic, social, demographic, natural and climatic factors on the welfare of the migrants and non-migrant's households. For this purpose, an extensive survey from 504 respondents was carried out in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable i.e. migrant and non-migrant, logistic regression was employed on the collected data using Stata. Results revealed that unemployment, educational and health facilities, family conflicts, small farm size for agricultural activities, and greater family size are the main influencing factors affecting migration decision from rural to urban areas. This creates the strong implications i.e. putting burden on the urban areas due to the high rate of urbanization. So, it is however recommended to stem down the rate of migration all necessary facilities should be provided in the rural areas and Agro-based must be set up near the rural areas providing employment opportunities for the rural dwellers.

In Nigeria, particularly the northern parts, pearl millet is a traditional crop that is very important to nation’s food security. Empirical evidence indicates that the main problem in pearl millet production in Nigeria is associated with low productivity and inefficiency in allocation of resources. This study therefore sought to analyse the Technical Efficiency (TE) of pearl millet farmers in Kano State of Nigeria, being the state with highest concentration of pearl millet farmers. SFA approach is used on a data collected from 256 randomly sampled pearl millet farmers during 2013/2014 cropping season. The study discovers that all the production inputs/variables included in the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier function with exception of agrochemicals were positively and significantly associated with TE. The TE range of 21% to 94% and mean TE of 73% were obtained from the analysis. The study also reveals that access to credit, education, extension and household size were the major contributors to TE. This therefore calls for formulation of appropriate policy that would extend these key determinants of TE which would go a long way in improving farmers’ efficiency level and economic benefits. This study contributes the first SFA approach in estimating TE of pearl millet farmers in Kano State, Nigeria, which can effectively help in addressing food insecurity problem in the country.

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