The gene coding for profilin (PFY), an actin-binding protein, occurs as a single copy in the haploid genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is required for spore germination and cell viability. Displacement of one gene copy in a diploid cell by a nonfunctional allele is recessively lethal: tetrad analysis yields only two viable spores per ascus. The PFY gene maps on chromosome XV and is linked to the ADE2 marker. The primary transcript of about 1,000 bases contains an intron of 209 bases and is spliced into a messenger of about 750 bases. The intron was identified by comparison with a cDNA clone, which also revealed the 3' end of the transcript. The 5' end of the mRNA was mapped by primer elongation. The gene is transcribed constitutively and has a coding capacity for a protein of 126 amino acids. The deduced molecular weight of
Displacement of the single copy structural gene for yeast adenylate kinase (long version) by a disrupted nonfunctional allele is tolerated in haploid cells. Since adenylate kinase activity is a pre-requisite for cell viability, the survival of haploid disruption mutants is indicative of the presence of an adenylate kinase isozyme in yeast, capable of forming ADP from AMP and, thus, of complementing the disrupted allele. The phenotype of these disruption mutants is pet, showing that complementation occurs only under fermentative conditions. Even on glucose, growth of the disruption mutants is slow. Adenylate kinase activity is found both in mitochondria and cytoplasm of wild type yeast. The disruption completely destroys the activity in mitochondria, whereas in the cytoplasmic fraction about 10% is retained. An antibody raised against yeast mitochondria1 adenylate kinase recognizes cross-reacting material both in mitochondria and cytoplasm of the wild type, but fails to do so in each of the respective mutant fractions. The data indicate that yeast adenylate kinase (long version, AKY2) simultaneously occurs and is active in mitochondria and cytoplasm of the wild type. Nevertheless, it lacks a cleavable pre-sequence for import into mitochondria. A second, minor isozyme, encoded by a separate gene, is present exclusively in the cytoplasm.Adenylate kinases are indispensable for cell viability, since they are required to activate AMP at the expense of ATP cleavage to yield two molecules of ADP. Two different types of the enzyme have been found in various organisms [l, 21. A low-molecular-mass form was isolated and characterized from the cytoplasm of cells from several vertebrate tissues [3 -61, whereas a high-molecular-mass version was found to be present in the mitochondria of these cells [7-lo], as well as in yeast [11 -141 and bacteria [15, 161. The latter two microorganisms have been reported to have only the long-form isozyme located in their cytoplasm.The amino acid [I31 and nucleotide [17] sequences of the yeast enzyme have been published recently and found to be highly similar to both the enzymes from Escherichiu coli [15] and from bovine heart mitochondria [lo]. They differ from the short cytoplasmic vertebrate isozyme mainly by the insertion of a block of 31 amino acids into the C-terminal third of the enzyme. The exclusive cytoplasmic location of the yeast enzyme [l 1 ~ 141 has been questioned by other groups. On the one hand, it was observed that yeast mitochondria contain an adenylate kinase activity of their own [18, 191 which is located in the intermembrane space [20]. On the other, it was concluded on the basis of the much higher similarity with the mitochondrial isoform from vertebrates and the presence of the conserved insertion of 31 amino acids that this protein was more likely to constitute the mitochondrial isozyme in yeast [I 71.Disruptions of the gene, combined with cellular fractionation and immunological and enzymatic assays, show that the long version of adenylate kinase occurs in an a...
We describe here the nuclear gene for a yeast protein showing unexpectedly high homology with mammalian aldo/keto reductases as well as with ϱ‐crystallin, one of the prominent proteins of the frog eye lens. Although it could be proven that the gene occurs as a single copy in the haploid yeast genome, replacement of the intact by a disrupted, nonfunctional allele led to no obvious phenotype, indicating that the gene is dispensable. The gene was assigned to chromosome XV. It is transcribed in vivo into an mRNA of about 1300 bases with a coding capacity for a protein of 312 amino acids (estimated M
r 35000).
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