Background: The biggest dilemma of today’s world is COVID-19. This pandemic situation has completely engulfed the globe with a rapidly increasing number of cases and has affected a great number of lives along with their lifestyle including the educational sector. Objective: This study explores the impact of COVID-19, how frequent lockdown, and online learning have affected the mental health of the students of medical college. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the medical students of Karachi, in September 2021, in Jinnah Medical and Dental College. A total of 312 medical students were enrolled in the study. Out of which 208 were females and 104 were males. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess the mental health of students of medical college. Results: The results of the study revealed that a total of 312 medical students were enrolled in the study; belonging to the age group of (18-25) years. Approximately 104 (66 %) of female students experienced depression, 44 (21%) anxiety, and 60 (28%) stress. Hence gender and year of study of the participants were found to be significant (p-value<0.05). The odds of first-year students showed high levels of anxiety as compared to final-year students (OR = 1.679, 95% CI [1.202–2.634], P = 0.002). Conclusion: This study will help in making relevant policies, mental health strategies and providing a better framework for the medical colleges and universities which is essential for the mental health of students. Keywords: Anxiety, COVID-19, Depression, Karachi, Medical Students, Stress
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of second mesio-buccal canal in permanent maxillary first molars. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi during the period from February 2020 to January 2021 Patients and Methods: Three hundred and fifty cases of both genders were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 18-60years. Patients’ detailed demographics including age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking written consent. Local anesthesia was given for isolation of rubber dam. The pulp chamber floor was clearly visualized and the access cavity was ready. The location of the MB2 channel in three phases was done. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0 version. Results: Mean age of the patients were 30.14±17.47 years with mean BMI 25.61±8.25 kg/m2. Among 350 cases, Majority of the patients 225 (64.3%) were male while the rest 125 (35.7%) were females. Majority of the patients were from age group 20-30 years and less patients were between 51-60 years old. Frequency of second mesiobuccal canal was found in 280 (80%) patients. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that prevalence of MB2 channel was reported in 80% in the initially permanent maxillary molars. Most MB2 canal apertures are distal from the main MB channel and most MB2 apertures are palatal. Key words: Permanent maxillary first molar, MB2 canals, Frequency
Background: During COVID-19 all universities have shift their face to face teaching pattern to e-learning. Objective: This study explores various factors of E-exams and learning associated to academic failure during Covid-19. Material and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in March, 2021 among 225 dental undergraduate students out of which 75 were cases (failed) and 150 were controls (passed). Online questionnaire consisted of 24 items was filled by BDS students’ from first year till final year. Hence, odds ratio was calculated by using SPSS version 23. Results: The results of the study revealed that the rate of failure among the dental students from first year till final year was (60%), (11.1%), (13.9%) and (19.0%) respectively (p= 0.000). Significant E-exam related factors associated to academic failure were effort and time required to attempt exams (p=.000, OR=1.8), online OSPE/OSCE (p= .001, OR=2.7), technical IT skills (p= .009, OR=2.1), Student’s presentation marks (p=0.05, OR=1.7) and cheating (p=0.03, OR=1.8), whereas lower risk factors were MCQ’s (p=0.06), synchronous oral viva (p=0.5), internet connectivity issues (p=0.2), assignments (p=0.3) and online quizzes (p=0.7). Factors associated with highest risk of failing were pre-recorded didactic online lectures (p=0.03), less responsibility of learning online (p=0.04), dissatisfied bedside clinical skills (p=0.02) and poor attendance (p=0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study conclude that faculty training is immediately required to conduct fair online E-assessments, OSCE/OSPE using appropriate technology and include presentation marks. While designing E-courses, interactive virtual sessions should be conducted to improve student engagement and attendance. Keywords: Academic failure, Dental students, Remote E-exams, Undergraduate
Backgrounds: Vitamin- C plays a major role to prevent the spread of various diseases. Hence Vitamin-C is associated with periodontal disease. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the dietary intake of Vitamin-C and periodontitis among the elderly population of Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among the elderly population of Sir Syed Hopistal, Karachi from June till November 2021. Material and Method: A total of 384 elderly patients were taken by using convenience sampling technique belonging to age group (60-85) who were admitted in the Hospital at that time. The status of periodontits was assessed by using periodontal index. Twenty four-hour dietary intake of Vitamin-C was recorded along with other confounders such as age, gender, regarding the use of tooth brush, flossing, visits of dentist, alcohol consumption, smoking and other diseases. A multivariable logistic regression was applied. Results: The participants who have taken dietary intake of vitamin C inadequately suffered from periodontitis by 1.16 times more than those participants who took adequate dietary intake of vitamin C (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 1.04±1.29). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed that inadequate intake of dietary Vitamin-C was associated with the disease name periodontitis among the elderly population of Karachi. On the contrary adequate intake of dietary vitamin C has become essential to promote the periodontal health among the elderly patients. Keywords: Ascorbic acid; Gingivitis; Periodontal disease; Periodontitis; Vitamin C
Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a mental health disorder which affects the oral health of autistic children. The parents of autistic children have to come across various problems associated with mental health. Objective: This study is conducted to assess the oral health of autistic children and its impact on the mental health of parents. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 parents of autistic children. Out of which 75 were mothers and 75 were fathers. Hence, (DASS 21) was use to assess depression, anxiety and stress of parents. SPSS version-23 was use to analyze the data by applying independent t-test and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient . (P ≤ 0.05) was considered significant. Results: The findings of the study revealed that autistic children have poor oral health status. Oral symptoms such as caries (p < 0.001), bad breath (p < 0.001), gingivitis (p < 0.001), and breathing from mouth (p < 0.001), biting of objects (p < 0.05) and unfavorable experience of dentist (p < 0.001) was highly significant among autistic children. Hence no significant difference was observed in dietary pattern of autistic children. Depression, anxiety and stress were observed among the parents of autistic children. Conclusion: Dental Carries, bad breath and gingivitis was commonly seen among the autistic children due to poor oral hygiene. In this situation when children are unable to understand parents. It becomes a challenging situation for parents leading to depression, stress and anxiety. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Mental health, Oral health
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