This study evaluated the antimicrobial property of the aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds and its concentration-effect relationship (time-kill studies) on typed bacterial and fungal strains. Crude powdered seeds of Citrullus lanatus were extracted by maceration with water. Antimicrobial assay of the aqueous extracts was determined against Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Candida albicans (ATCC 24433) using standard microbiological methods. A total of 106 CFU/mL of each test strain was used as a baseline to carry out the time-kill studies. Extract concentration at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2MIC and 4MIC were used over a period of 24 hours. Aqueous extract had an intermediate antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters (IZD) of 15 - 18 mm and MIC range of 2.5 - 20 mg/mL. Time-kill studies showed a bacteriostatic, non-concentration dependent mode of antimicrobial activity with characteristic regrowth for all test strains. Citrullus lanatus seeds aqueous extract exhibited antimicrobial activity with a bacteriostatic, non-concentration dependent mode of action against test bacterial strains. Further studies aimed at isolating and purifying the antimicrobial principle in the aqueous extract of C. lanatus seed is warranted as this could serve as a potential new antibiotic for treating microbial infections.
The increasing resistance profile of many bacterial and yeast strains to conventional antimicrobial agents has heightened the search for bioactive compounds from higher plants that would serve as lead molecules in the discovery and development of new drugs. This study determined the antimicrobial properties and chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Annona muricata seeds. Crude extract obtained by maceration of pulverized seeds of Annona muricata in ethyl acetate was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against six clinical bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella aerogenes) and one fungus (Candida albicans) using agar-well diffusion method. GC-MS method was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. The extraction yielded 19.93% of an oily yellow crude mass. The extract inhibited the growth of all test bacteria with inhibitory zone diameters range of 23.5 - 17.02 mm and 25.90 - 31.50 mm for the standard antimicrobial agents. The GC-MS analysis identified 48 chemical constituents in the extract with 9,12-octadecadienal, 1,14-tetradecadienal, phthalic and fatty acids accounting for 15.26, 7.77, 2.53 and 11.20% respectively. The data from this study revealed the possible antimicrobial potentials and chemical constituents of Annona muricata seeds and hence the scientific basis for its traditional use in the treatment of some infections.
The study investigated the antimicrobial properties and the chemical composition of ethyl acetate extract of Dennettia tripetala (pepper fruit) seeds. Crude extract obtained by maceration of pulverized seeds in ethyl acetate was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using standard agar-well diffusion method. GC-MS method was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. The extract was oily, yellowish-brown with a yield of 1.66 % and had activity against most of the test microorganisms, with inhibition zone diameters ranging between 10 to 25 mm. About 41 chemical constituents were present in the extract with formic acid methyl esters and fatty acids accounting for 57.23 and 18.49 % respectively. Ethyl acetate extract of Dennettia tripetala seeds possessed antimicrobial activity against bacteria but not fungi. The observed activity may be due to the presence of formic and fatty acid esters in the seed. The study further established a scientific proof for the traditional use of Dennettia tripetala seed extracts in treating microbial infections.
The challenge of increasing number of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteria pathogens have led to a renewed focus on plants for possible discovery of lead molecule that could pave the way for new generation antimicrobial agent. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum, with a view to exploring the antimicrobial properties of its chemical constituents. Powdered C. albidum cotyledons were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods and the extract obtained by maceration in ethyl acetate. The crude extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using standard agar-well diffusion method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. Alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids and flavoniods were the major constituents present in the powdered cotyledons. A deep brown oily extract with a pleasant-sweet odour and a yield of 2.53% was obtained. The extract showed a high antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) range of 20.50 - 25.00 mm. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was bacteriostatic at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25.00 mg/mL and bactericidal at a concentration of 50.00 mg/mL (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Data obtained from GC-MS analysis showed presence of seventeen (17) components with 6 major spectral peaks; oleic acid (54.65%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.27%), cis-9-hexadecenal (8.68%), betulin (7.23%), 2-pentanone (6.00%) and octamethyl (5.12%). The abundance of fatty acids in the cotyledons of C. albidum coupled with the observed inhibitory activities would present a potential candidate to be explored for the production of bioactive agents.
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