To evaluate pattern of visual impairment in school children from low-income families in Kolkata, India, an institutional cross-sectional study was conducted among 2570 children of 10 primary schools. Ocular examination including refraction was done and pattern of visual impairment and refractive error was studied. The age range was 6-14 years. Refractive error was seen in 14.7%. Only 4 children were already wearing correction. Myopia and hypermetropia was present in 307 (11.9%) and 65 (2.5%) children, respectively. Visual acuity of less than 6/12 in better eye was present in 109 (4.2%) and 5 (0.2%) children pre- and post-correction, respectively. Eighteen children had amblyopia. Although prevalence of refractive error in this group is less compared to school children of all income categories reported from other cities of India, it is more compared to school children of all income categories from the same city. Refractive error mostly remains uncorrected in this group.

Ocular trauma is a major cause of vision loss. The circumstances and agents implicated in such injuries are diverse. We present an unusual case of penetrating ocular trauma with the nozzle of a pressure cooker lid in a 32-year-old housewife causing deep laceration of the upper eye lid and sclera. The impacted metallic nozzle was removed on an emergency basis. Autoevisceration of ocular contents due the high velocity impact resulted in the final decision to surgically complete the evisceration and implant a glass ball implant. This case highlights the propensity of grievous ocular trauma in a domestic environment.

BACKGROUND Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film. Corneal nerves are important in the self-regulation of a tear since they provide the sensation in the feedback loop that signals tear production. In clear corneal phacoemulsification surgeries, the ocular surface may alter and disrupt normal tear function. We wanted to determine the proportion and severity of dry eye following clear corneal phacoemulsification surgery. METHODS Total hundred (100) eyes from consecutive hundred (100) patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria (without a pre-operative dry eye) were selected for clear corneal phacoemulsification surgery under peribulbar anaesthesia for age-related cataract (45-70 yrs.). McMonnies questionnaire was used for subjective dry eye testing. For objective dry eye testing Schirmer Test (ST-I), Tear Film Break Up Time (TBUT), Tear Meniscus Height (TMH) and Lissamine Green (LG) done. The parameters were recorded preoperatively and post-operatively. Data was analysed using SPSS Software Version 20. RESULTS 53% operated in the left eye and 47% in the right eye. The proportion of dry eye was assessed at POD 10 and we found 81 subjects had dry eye. The mean and standard deviation of

Purpose-Proptosis is forward protrusion of eye ball. Due to its varied presentation, a profile of these cases would be helpful for an ophthalmologist to understand the spectrum of etio-pathology and thus take an early measure to save vision and even life of a patient. Material and Methods-This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in West Bengal based on records on clinical analysis of patients attending eye OPD, eye emergency and those admitted to the inpatient department of ophthalmology and referred from other departments of this institution during July 2015 to July 2018. Demographic details, clinical presentation, investigation (X-Ray, CT scan, USG-B Scan, MRI, Pathology report) details were obtained. A total of 142 patients with 167 eyes were included in the study. Results-Among them, 85 were male and 57 were female with M:F ratio 1.47:1. Most frequent group (81; 57.4%) belonged to 50 to 65 years of age. 33 patients (23.4%) were below 15 years of age. Unilateral proptosis (82.4%) was more common than bilateral (17.6%) one and non-axial (53.89%) was more common than axial (46%) proptosis. Neoplasia was most common (41.91%) etiology followed by thyroid ophthalmopathy (15.56%), orbital cellulitis (11.37%), pseudo-tumour (8.98%), congenital lesions (5.9%), vascular lesions (5.9%), cystic lesions (5.3%) and trauma (2.39%). One patient presented with bilateral proptosis due to sarcoidosis (1.1%). Diagnosis was not confirmed in 2 eyes (1.1%). Conclusion-Unilateral proptosis was more common than bilateral one and neoplasia was the commonest cause of proptosis.