Soil erosion is a growing problem especially in areas of agricultural activity where soil erosion not only leads to decreased agricultural productivity but also reduces water availability. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is the most popular empirically based model used globally for erosion prediction and control. Remote sensing and GIS techniques have become valuable tools specially when assessing erosion at larger scales due to the amount of data needed and the greater area coverage. The present study area is a part of Chotanagpur plateau with undulating topography, with a very high risk of soil erosion. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the annual soil loss in Upper South Koel basin using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in GIS framework. Such information can be of immense help in identifying priority areas for implementation of erosion control measures. The soil erosion rate was determined as a function of land topography, soil texture, land use/land cover, rainfall erosivity, and crop management and practice in the watershed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (for Indian conditions), remote sensing imagery, and GIS techniques. The rainfall erosivity R-factor of USLE was found as 546 MJ mm/ha/hr/yr and the soil erodibility K-factor varied from 0.23 - 0.37. Slopes in the catchment varied between 0% and 42% having LS factor values ranging from 0 - 21. The C factor was computed from NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetative Index) values derived from Landsat-TM data. The P value was computed from existing cropping patterns in the catchment. The annual soil loss estimated in the watershed using USLE is 12.2 ton/ha/yr. <p> </p>
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Morphometry is measurement and mathematical analysis of landforms. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the drainage morphometrics of Upper South Koel Basin using Remote Sensing and GIS approach. A morphometric analysis was carried out to describe the topography and drainage characteristics of Upper South Koel watershed. The stream numbers, orders, lengths and other morphometric parameters like bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, shape parameters etc. were measured. The drainage area of Upper South Koel watershed is 942.4 sq km and the drainage pattern is dentritic. The watershed was classified as 6<sup>th</sup> order drainage basin. The low values of bifurcation ratio and drainage density suggest that the area has not been much affected by structural disturbances. The study reveals that the different geomorphic units in the study area <i>i.e.</i> Structural hills, Pediments, Valley fills, Pediplains formed under the influence of permeable geology, are moderate to nearly level plains, with medium to low drainage density (<2.0) & low cumulative length of higher order streams . Such studies can be of immense help in planning and management of river basins
Studies on subsurface drainage were carried out on silty clay and clay soils in Gundur village from 2015 to 2016. The mean pH of samples ranged from 8.16 to 8.35 before sowing and 8.21 to 8.41 after harvesting and before sowing the electrical conductivity ranged from 10.92 to 14.65 dS m -1 and 9.28 to 13.68 dS m -1 after harvesting. Similarly, the Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ and Na + values were in the range of 34.01 to 37.14 and 10.47 to 12.89 Meq/100g before sowing of crops, after harvesting of the crops results obtained were in range of 33.34 to 36.92, 10.92 to 12.16 Meq/100g of soil. The ESP values were in the range of 15.11 to 17.74 before sowing and 13.86 to 16.69 after harvesting of crop. A glance at results reveals that pH was observed to be increased due to sodic nature of soil and excess application of the fertilizer. ESP was noticed to be reduced in smaller amount as compared to pre-sowing conditions, gypsum needed to be applied in required amount in order to turn the soil from sodicity to non-sodic soils. Finally, the yield was observed to be increased as 52.50 q ha -1 as compared to pre drainage conditions of 38.50 q ha -1 .
Furrows are widely used in rainfed areas of semi‐arid India for soil and water conservation. The orientation of furrows, either down or across slope, and their spacing influence the effectiveness of furrows as soil and water conservation measures. We evaluated treatments with furrows aligned down and across 3% sloping land at spacings of 90, 60 and 30 cm under simulated rainfall intensities of 80 and 100 mm/h on a shallow Alfisol. A bare plot without any furrows was considered as a control. A large (24 m × 3 m) rainfall simulator developed at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, was used for this controlled study. Run‐off was measured by a calibrated tipping bucket run‐off recorder. The effects of the treatments on peak flow rate (L/s), sediment loss with run‐off water (kg/ha/mm), peak sediment concentration (g/L), run‐off (per cent rainfall) and time to peak (min) were investigated. When compared with the control (no furrows), across slope furrowing with 60‐ and 30‐cm spacing reduced sediment yields by 19.9 and 21.3 kg/ha/mm of run‐off, respectively, under a rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h and 24 and 25.3 kg/ha/mm of run‐off, respectively, under a rainfall intensity of 100 mm/h. For the control, sediment loss was 50.72 kg/ha/mm run‐off and 56.68 kg/ha/mm run‐off for rainfall intensities of 80 and 100 mm/h, respectively. Similar trends were recorded from observations of peak flow, time to peak and peak sediment concentration. Run‐off hydrographs demonstrated the conservation value of across slope furrowing by delaying run‐off initiation, reducing run‐off and slowly releasing the run‐off after the cessation of rainfall. The results show that furrow orientation has major effects on reducing run‐off, whereas furrow spacing has insignificant effects.
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