Introduction Smoking is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the world, as it is related to the risk factor and etiology of respiratory-tract diseases. Long-term smoking causes both structural and functional damage in the respiratory airways, leading to changes in nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC). Objectives The aim of the present study was to look systematically into the current literature and carefully collect and analyze results to explore NMC in smokers. Data Synthesis Two independent reviewers conducted a literature search on some Electronic database: Pubmed, Medline, Ebsco, Springer Link, Science Direct, Scopus, and Proquest searching for articles fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The lead author independently assessed the risk of bias of each of the included studies and discussed their assessments with the other two authors to achieve consensus. Of the 1,654 articles identified in the database search, 16 met the criteria for this review. Most of the articles (15 out of 16) showed the impairment of NMC in smokers. Conclusion The present systematic review suggests that there is an impairment of NMC in smokers. The impairment is not only observed in cigarette smoking, but also in passive smoking, bidi smoking, electronic smoking, and hookah smoking. The impairment of NMC in chronic exposure to smoking is caused by the ciliotoxic effect, hypersecretion and viscoelastic change of mucous, airway surface liquid depletion, increased oxidative stress, and deteriorations in the inflammatory and immune systems.

Background:Combination of Nephrolepis exaltata - Hibiscus rosa sinensis (NEHRS) herbal mask proved to decrease nasal mucociliary transport time, increase sinonasal IgA and lung function in textile industry workers. Its protection effect on motorcycle taxi drivers exposed to acute motor vehicle exhaust pollutants has not been proven. The study aimed to demonstrate the protective effect of using NEHRS herbal mask both in the sinonasal immune system and lung function.Methods:This research was non-blinded randomized control trial with pre-post test design. Thirty two motorcycle taxi drivers were randomly assigned into three groups; positive control (n=11) using regular medical mask, negative control (n=10) using nonwoven cloth mask, and intervention group using NEHRS herbal mask (n = 11). Nasal wash was taken by ENT specialist, and the level of sinonasal IgA and IL-6 was reading by ELISA. Pulmonary function parameters were performed using the MAS-1-A spirometer, Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon, Paired t-test, Mann Whitney and One-way ANOVAResults: Sinonasal IgA level were significant decrease in all groups, respectively; intervention 16.31 ± 3.38; control (+)16.24 ± 2.62; control (-)15.28 ± 2.50. The IL-6 level also decrease in all groups in significantly difference (p=0.031), the delta were; intervention -6.92 ± 8.61; control (+) -10.23 ± 7.65; control (-)-8.56 ± 4.37. A significant increased of FEV1 (p=0,005) and PEF (p = 0,005) in the intervention group, but nearly significant of FVC (p=0,053), as well as in control (+); FVC (p=0,017), FEV1 (p=0,005), PEF (p<0,001), and control negatif; FVC (p=0,046), FEV1 (p=0,010), PEF (p=0,005). The test for difference of increasing FVC (p=0,652), FEV1 (p=0,696) and PEF (p=0,670) between all groups not significantly different.Conclusions: NEHRS Herbal mask that worn by motorcycle taxi drivers for 2 weeks decreased IgA and IL-6 sinonasal levels, as well as increased FVC, FEV1, and PEF.

The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is increasing over the year. The drugs of DM cause side effects on an organ and heart. The pathological process of DM hyperlipidemia begins with oxidative stress. It is necessary to think about preventing hyperlipidemia in DM by using herbs as herbal medicines. This study aims to find out the effect of peel extracts of Musa Paradisiaca var. kepok to New Zealand White rabbits with hyperlipidemic in DM. The banana peel extract was obtained from the traditional market in Demak, Central Java. Banana peel extraction used maceration with ethanol extract. This study used 27 New Zealand White male rabbits, aged 4 months, with 1.5-2 kg average weights. The sample of the study was divided into three groups. Treatment group 1 (P1), Treatment group 2 (P2) and control group (K). All groups had standard feed and High Fructose Fat Diet (HFFD). Group P1 was given banana peel extract dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day and group P2was given banana peel extract dose of 400 mg/kg body weight/day and group K was not given banana peel extract. This was an experimental laboratory research with the randomized pretest-posttest control design. The research data were taken three times; pretest, day 45 and day 104. This research was conducted for 104 days at UGM LPPT of unit 4 which has been internationally standardized. MDA levels were measured by the HPLC. The results of the pretest levels of MDA 0, 627, day 45 p = 0.232, day 104 p = 0.028. Ethanol extract of Musa Paradisiaca var. kapok prevents oxidative stress of New Zealand White rabbits with Diabetic Hyperlipidemia.

Purpose Indonesia, a high populous and the second-highest country in epidemicity of hepatitis B in South-East Asia require maintaining its capacity of monovalent hepatitis B production to keep up with both the national immunization program and global needs. To keep the sustainability of the vaccine, a new bulk is needed to be made available. This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Bio Farma newly formulated recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, which came from different sources of bulk, compared to the already registered hepatitis B vaccine. Materials and Methods An experimental, randomized, double-blind, cohort intervention phase II clinical trial was conducted on three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines from different bulk sources, with Bio Farma registered hepatitis B vaccine as the control group. A total of 536 participants around age 10 to 40 years old were thricely vaccinated with twice serological assessments. The subject’s safety was monitored for 28 days after each vaccination. Results Of 536 enrolled participants, 521 finished the vaccination and serology assessments. The investigational products were proven not to be inferior to the control. All vaccines were well tolerated. No differences in rates of local and systemic reactions were seen between the investigational products and control. No serious adverse event was found to be related to the investigational vaccines. Conclusion Investigational vaccines are shown to be equally immunogenic and safe as the control vaccine.