Background Nicotine form the major constituent of consumed tobacco and cigarettes throughout the World resulting in oxidative stress while garlic and honey have been shown to contain numerous natural antioxidants. We investigated the role of combined effects of garlic and honey on nicotine induced Cerebellar and behavioral toxicity in Wistar rats. Method : Forty rats were divided into eight groups of five rats each. Group 1 received water only, Group 2 and 3 received 50 mg/kg of nicotine with garlic and honey at (300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) and (600 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) respectively. Group 4 received 50 mg/kg of nicotine only, Group 5 received garlic 300 mg/kg and honey 1000 mg/kg before 50 mg/kg nicotine, Group 6 received garlic 600 mg/kg and honey 2000 mg/kg before 50 mg/kg nicotine. Group 7 and 8 received 50 mg/kg nicotine + 450 mg/kg garlic only and 1500 mg/kg honey only respectively. The administration was through oral route and lasted for 21 days respectively. Limb impairment and grip were conducted. After the administration, blood and cerebellum were harvested for lactate dehydrogenase assay, oxidative stress and histopathological analyses. Result There was significant decrease in body weight, grip strength and limb impairment in Group 4 with increase in Group 2 compared to the Control (p < 0.001). There was significant increase in LDH in Groups 2, 4, 7 and 8 with significant decrease in Group 3 compared to Group 1. The result showed significant decrease in SOD and CAT activities in all the groups compared to Group 1 (p < 0.001). Groups 1, 7 and 8 showed normal histology of the cerebellum while Group 4 showed areas of neuronal degeneration with distortions in histology and Groups 3, 5 and 6 showed few neural changes. Conclusion The study showed that garlic and honey may be useful in ameliorating nicotine toxicity dose-dependently which may be due to their antioxidant activity.

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The median nerve (MN) is widely known among Anatomists to innervate the forearm. It usually gives out a branch to the Pronator Teres muscle as it enters the arm, while the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm are majorly innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN). An accessory branch of MN was noticed in the left arm during student's dissection of a male cadaver to innervate the lower part of the Brachialis muscle (BM). The branch was given out at the infero-lateral side of the nerve and it coursed lateral to the lateral brachial vein and after small distance it disappeared into the Brachialis muscle to supply it. It is in view of the above that we are advocating that surgeons, neurologists and anaesthists should also be conscious of these variations and be meticulous in their efforts to interpret some of the symptoms induced by nerve lesion. This branch could be vital in reduce Brachialis muscle palsy in event of damage to MCN.

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Background and Objectives:Toxicity is fast becoming a major cause of infertility in this century unknowingly and researchers can no longer be mute over this situation. In this work, we aimed at exploring the potency of the bark of Ficus vogelii as an herbal product in protecting against female toxicity. Methods:The twenty 25 female Wistar rats used weighed between 140 -180g and were randomly assigned into five groups of five rats per group with group A servicing as control which received normal saline. Groups B and C received 3.5 mg/kg of Lead acetate 14 days and later received low and high dose of extract respectively. Group D served as lead acetate group while group E received extract only.Results: There were changes in body, uterine and ovarian weight (P > 0.01). Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme levels were reduced significantly in B and C (P > 0.01) group animals while there was an increase in its levels in group D. Several alterations were seen in the ovary and uterus which includes reduced folliculogenesis with a marked increase in the number of atretic follicles, oedema and necrotic zones. These effects were seen to be restored near normal in the groups that were administered with extract. Conclusions:This work showed that the bark of Ficus vogelii could be a good herbal remedy for infertility.