Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are most common among cancer patients receiving treatment. AC therapy which is a combination protocol of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and Cyclophosphamide are the common therapies used for breast cancer treatment due to their effectiveness and cost of therapy breast cancer. AC combination is administered every 3 weeks, and 4 cycles are given. Objectives: To assess various ADRs reported by patients on AC combination therapy and their severity to ensure safe and effective treatment. Design: Prospective observational. Setting: Cancer hospital Jamshoro Pakistan. Patients and Methods: A hospital based observational study included 160 female patients suffering from breast cancer and receiving AC combination for treatment by purposive sampling method from June 2015- January 2018 at cancer hospital Jamshoro Pakistan. ADRs reported were compared against international standard references of drug literature such as British National Formulary (BNF) 2017 and ADR severity assessment scale (Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale). Main Outcome Measures: Frequency and severity of ADRs. Results: The common ADRs reported were, nausea and vomiting, acidity, fatigue, hair fall as common non-hematologic and leukopenia among hematologic ADRs. Those patients reported high severity ADRs according to severity scale persist for longer duration and required antidote for management with medical intervention. Conclusion: The present study shows that a patient’s response towards AC therapy is critical and therefore each patient must be monitored and those at high risk of developing ADRs from this therapy must be provided additional care.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine. It is a growing problem. People directly dispose unused medicines into waste or flush into sink. Finally, these improperly disposed medicines mix with wastewater leach out into sea water, ground water, drinking water and effect human and other forms of life and develop microbial resistance and accidental poising and various societal repercussion. Confusion exists in people about proper disposal of unused medicine. Despite of already available guidelines people very rarely follow proper disposal methods. Particularly in developing countries situation is very alarming. It is well established fact that knowledge and level of awareness play pivotal role for practice of proper disposal methods. Study Design: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted in Nawab Shah and its vicinities: Sakrand, Kaziahamed, Bachalpur, during September 2019 to May 2020. The number of participants were included in the study according Slovin's Formula. The simple random sampling method was used to select participants. The level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine of 400 participants was assessed through a well-designed questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants at their homes with the help of volunteers. The descriptive statistics were analyzed through latest version of MS excel 2016. Results: Out of 400, 320 (80%) of the participants admitted have no knowledge for proper disposal of unused medicines. 185 (46.25%) of the participants viewed throwing unused medicines into waste was correct. Whereas 176 (44%) of the participants believed improperly thrown medicines has no effect on environment. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about proper disposal of unused medicine was found very low in study participants. It is suggested government should incorporate guidelines about the harmful effects of improper disposal of unused medicines in curriculum at primary level of education.
Objective: The primary focus of this research is to ascertain that these different generic drug products from national and multinational companies competing in the local market are equivalent in quality. Material and Methods: A comparative quality analysis was executed on national and multinational brands of glimepiride tablets obtained from local pharmacies of Hyderabad. A cumulative of 6 glimepiride brands were selected and internationally accepted in-vitro tests were carried out at Industrial pharmacy laboratory of Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, during time period August 2021 to August 2022 to compare with Pharmacopoeia standards. Results: All the drug products (Glimepiride tablets) obtained from local market were meeting the standards laid by BP for tests of weight uniformity, diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, and content uniformity/assay. Conclusion: Every generic of glimepiride tablets from various local and multinational manufacturers are pharmaceutical equivalents and can be prescribed interchangeably. Keywords: National, International, Brand, Glimepiride, Quality, Pharmaceutical Equivalents
A fast, simple and valued method is developed to observe the quality and quantity of different pharmaceutical brands of cefixime. A spectrophotometric method has been developed for analysis of cefixime (CFX) by reacting with 4-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DAB) as derivatizing agent. The molar absorptivity of CFX-DAB, newly synthesized derivative was calculated as 3.2 x 105 L.mole-1cm-1 and λ maximum was 393 nm. The calibration curve was developed in range of 5-25 µg.mL-1as this concentration followed beers law. The derivatization reaction is stable and didn’t show any difference in absorbance with radiation interaction for up to one day. The percentage recovery of CFX was checked and calculated in different pharmaceuticals was within 95 to 99.5% with RSD value calculated in between RSD 0.69-0.96% (n=3), respectively. This newly developed and validated procedure was proved to be accurate and precise for the analysis of CFX. This method was successfully applied to check amount of CFX from 7 different brands of pharmaceutical preparations commercially available in Pakistan.
Metal oxide nanoparticles have found numerous applications in different fields. In this paper, the preparation of nickel oxide nanostructures is given. The nanostructures were synthesized by using the hydrothermal method. The characterization was done with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The newly synthesized nanostructures were utilized as a modifier of the working electrode, i.e., glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified GCE exhibited an excellent response towards methotrexate (MTX) anticancer drug. The modified GCE, as compared to bare GCE, showed an increased response towards MTX. In this study, BrittonRobinson buffer (BRB) was selected as a supporting electrolyte having pH 5. By using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the method was found linear in the range of 5-40 µM with a limit of detection and quantification values of 2.4 µM and 7.28 µM, respectively. The method developed by this way was successfully applied for the analysis of MTX from injection formulations. The interference studies were also carried out to check the method's selectivity.
Objective: To formulate unmodified crystalline meloxicam solid dispersions by the use of surfactants and polymer. This polymeric particulate system is named as meloxicam-loaded surface attached solid dispersion (MSDs). Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Lab of Physical and Industrial Pharmacy, Hanyang University, South Korea. The duration of this study was around seven months. The first phase of this study (optimization and fabrication) was completed within 3 months, while, solubility, dissolution and physicochemical characterization was completed in next 4 months. These surfaces attached solid dispersions were prepared by using spray drying technology. Moreover, HPMC and SLS were used as hydrophilic carriers. Various MSDs were prepared using carriers/drug, and were evaluated for aqueous solubility and dissolution studies. Results: Amongst different formulation prepared, MSDs3 having Meloxicam/HPMC/SLS in a (1:0.5:0.5) gave the highest solubility and dissolution (i.e. from 0.25 ±0.17ug/ml of meloxicam to 153 ±5.3ug/ml). Moreover, dissolution was enhanced from 2.96 ±0.55% to 47 ±1.07% at 15 minutes. Furthermore, physicochemical characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Conclusion: In conclusion we can predict a better solubility and dissolution of meloxicam in surface attached solid dispersion. Keywords: Meloxicam, solubility enhancement, spray drying, surface attached, solid dispersion
Diabetes is a disorder that affects metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It has appeared as one of the deadliest pandemics causing 3.2 million deaths per year. The objective of current study was to assess the level of awareness and practice of diabetic patients who were diagnosed with Type-II diabetes mellitus (DM). A prospective, observational study was designed, and subjects of the study were the patients visiting the clinics of Nawabshah Shaheed Benazirabad. The study was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020 among 300 Type-II DM patients with minimum of 34 years of age, who had been diagnosed according to the set criteria of World Health Organization (WHO). The criteria for the sampling were set to be done by non-probability convenient sampling technique. For the collection of the data, diabetes knowledge questionnaire was used, and SPSS 25 software was used for the analysis of the collected data. The statistical analysis generated was descriptive in nature. Majority of participants were male patients (n=158, 52.7%) and major age group was >65 (n=136, 45.33%). The patients with family history of the disease were 253 (84.3%) of the total cases. The patients having poor knowledge of the disease and those with satisfactory practice and routine follow up were 207 (69.0%) and 160 (53.3%) respectively. The results show that the patients had poor knowledge of the diabetes. The practice regarding diabetes falls under the category of average routine practice. It can be concluded from the results that for the awareness of the diabetes there should be arrangements of the campaigns for the general population and with the involvement of the clinical pharmacist and endocrinologist, and by that diabetes could be managed effectively.
Objective: To determine the amikacin sulfate by developing a new spectrophotometric method by derivatization using double beam spectrophotometer from pure and commercial brands. Method: A quantitative analytical method was developed by amikacin sulfate using spectrophotometer after derivatization with vanillin under optimized parameters like pH, heating time and temperature, volume of reagent, Impact of mixing order, Effect of addition of solvents and Effect of excipients. The method was successfully applied on bulk and different brands containing amikacin sulfate. Results: The bulk and pharmaceutical analysis was carried out of different brands with formation of slight yellow colored imine base. The product showed absorbance at 400 nm w i t h molar absorptivity of 5.
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