In this paper, the effect of ceramic particles (Zirconium, Boron Carbide and Graphene) on the ballistic resistance of Friction Stir Processed (FSPed) thick AA6061 targets had been explored. The Base Metal AA6061 plates of 25 mm thickness were FSPed by reinforcing Zirconium (Zr), Boron Carbide (B4C) and Graphene (G), thus producing FSPed-Zr, FSPed-B4C and FSPed-G surface composite targets. Microhardness test was carried out and the hardness of FSPed-Zr, FSPed-B4C and FSPed-G were found to be 96, 106 and 122 HV respectively. High velocity ballistic experiments were conducted on all the targets against Ø7.62x51 mm Armour Piercing Projectile at an initial velocity of 680 ± 10 m/s. AA6063 backing plates were used to identify the ballistic resistance of the FSPed targets by Depth of Penetration (DOP) method. Consequently, higher microhardness along with frictional characteristics had increased the ballistic resistance of FSPed-G targets by 70.8%. Further, by analyzing the penetration channel, it was noticed that in FSPed-G target, the jacket detachment occurred in the entry region predominantly where the microhardness was the highest compared to other two regions. This phenomenon occurred just after the entry region for FSPed-B4C target and in middle region for FSPed-Zr target. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images inferred that, FSPed targets have absorbed maximum projectile’s kinetic energy at the entry region itself, resulting in formation of cracks. As a result, middle and exit region experienced less impact. Post ballistic microhardness test showed enhanced microhardness in the entry region of FSPed-G target due to severe work hardening. Hence the ceramic particles deposited by FSP have reduced the kinetic energy of the projectile with FSPed-G target resulting in maximum ballistic resistance.
The advancement of 3D-printing technology has ushered in a new era in the production of machine components, building materials, prototypes, and so on. In 3D-printing techniques, the infill reduces the amount of material used, thereby reducing the printing time and sustaining the aesthetics of the products. Infill patterns play a significant role in the property of the material. In this research, the mechanical properties of specimens are investigated for gyroid, rhombile, circular, truncated octahedron, and honeycomb infill structures (hexagonal). Additionally, the tensile properties of PLA 3D-printed objects concerning their infill pattern are demonstrated. The specimens were prepared with various infill patterns to determine the tensile properties. The fracture of the specimen was simulated and the maximum yield strengths for different infill structures and infill densities were determined. The results show the hexagonal pattern of infill holds remarkable mechanical properties compared with the other infill structures. Through the variation of infill density, the desired tensile strength of PLA can be obtained based on the applications and the optimal weight of the printed parts.
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