In previous studies, we developed a process, on-line ultrasound-assisted push/pull perfusion hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (UA-PPP-HF-LPME), combining the techniques of push/pull perfusion (PPP) and ultrasonication with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), to achieve rapid extraction of acidic phenols from water samples. In this present study, we further evaluated three more-advanced and novel effects of PPP and ultrasonication on the extraction efficiencies of neutral high-molecular-weight phthalate esters (HPAEs) in sports drinks. First, we found that inner-fiber fluid leakage occurs only in push-only perfusion-based and pull-only perfusion-based HF-LPME, but not in the PPP mode. Second, we identified a significant negative interaction between ultrasonication and temperature. Third, we found that the extraction time of the newly proposed system could be shortened by more than 93%. From an investigation of the factors affecting UA-PPP-HF-LPME, we established optimal extraction conditions and achieved acceptable on-line enrichment factors of 92-146 for HPAEs with a sampling time of just 2 min.
In this study, we evaluated three advanced effects of push/pull perfusion (PPP) and heat on the extraction efficiencies of neutral analytes, following on from previous studies in which we employed on-line sample cleanup and enrichment-combining PPP and ultrasonication with hollow-fiber liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (HF-LLLME)-for the extraction of acidic phenols from aqueous samples. First, we observed acceptor phase fluid loss or gain occurring in the push-only perfusion-based and pull-only perfusion-based HF-LLLME modes, but not in the PPP mode. Second, we found that heating is a simple technique for improving the extraction kinetics of model neutral compounds (low-molecular-weight phthalates, LPAEs) when using PPP-assisted HF-LLLME. Third, the time required for extraction of these LPAEs through on-line heat-assisted PPP HF-LLLME decreased by as much as 86% relative to that required for conventional off-line HF-LLLME. From an investigation of the factors affecting the heatassisted PPP HF-LLLME of LPAEs, we established optimal extraction conditions with a sampling time of just 4 min, providing enrichment factors in the range 171-199.
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