The results of this study suggest that women with PMS could attend short-term yoga exercise in the luteal phase to make themselves feel better and maintain a better attention level.

A conventional railway system usually has multiple train types with various service patterns operating on the same line. Differences in train characteristics lead to varied capacity effects on the system. “Rail line capacity” is commonly defined as the maximum number of trains that can be operated on a section of track with an expected level of service within a given time period. However, a particular unit (trains/hour or trains/ day) does not reflect the train type the unit refers to. In this study, a new concept is proposed, namely, the base train equivalent (BTE), along with a standardization process to classify different train types in accordance with the particular type defined by the user. This concept is similar to the passenger car equivalent, which converts trucks to passenger car units in classifying highway transportation. A delay-based approach is also developed to determine BTEs on the basis of results obtained from two common capacity evaluation methods: parametric capacity analysis and simulation. With the proposed method, capacity measurements from different lines or systems can be compared and evaluated, resulting in meaningful and useful attributes.

Collaboration between public administration organizations and various stakeholders is often prescribed as a potential solution to the current complex problems of governance, such as climate change. According to the Advocacy Coalition Framework, shared beliefs are one of the most important drivers of collaboration. However, studies investigating the role of beliefs in collaboration show mixed results. Some argue that similarity of general normative and empirical policy beliefs elicits collaboration, while others focus on beliefs concerning policy instruments. Proposing a new divisive beliefs hypothesis, we suggest that agreeing on those beliefs over which there is substantial disagreement in the policy subsystem is what matters for collaboration. Testing our hypotheses using policy network analysis and data on climate policy subsystems in eleven countries (Australia, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Portugal, Sweden, and Taiwan), we find belief similarity to be a stronger predictor of collaboration when the focus is divisive beliefs rather than normative and empirical policy beliefs or beliefs concerning policy instruments. This knowledge can be useful for managing collaborative governance networks because it helps to identify potential competing coalitions and to broker compromises between them.

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The issue of post-carbon energy transition has received growing attention worldwide for several decades. Being one of the top 20 CO2 emitters in the world, Taiwan embarked on energy transitions in 2016 as a key strategy to address the climate change issue as well as to enhance its energy security. Moreover, it also plans to phase out nuclear power by 2025. The overall policy goal focuses not only on the energy technology shift, but also industrial structure transformation and environmental benefit improvement. This chapter outlines the energy transition from a multilevel governance perspective to explore prime movers, and the changing power relationships between central and local governments in implementing the transition in Taiwan. How has the current energy system been protected by the status quo? In what policy agendas has the energy transition been addressed through the current energy structures? What are the major obstacles for governments to achieve more effective energy governance? What institutional transitions might be required? This Chapter discusses why the political dimension is critical when it comes to post-carbon energy actions and how energy governance adapts to these challenges.