ABSTRACTThe efficacies oftrans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) and eugenol (EG) for reducingSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens were investigated. In three experiments for each compound, 1-day-old chicks (n= 75/experiment) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (n= 15/treatment group): negative control (-veS. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), compound control (-veS. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% [vol/wt] TC or 1% [vol/wt] EG), positive control (+veS. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), low-dose treatment (+veS. Enteritidis, +ve 0.5% TC, or 0.75% EG), and high-dose treatment (+veS. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% TC, or 1% EG). On day 0, birds were tested for the presence of any inherentSalmonella(n= 5/experiment). On day 8, birds were inoculated with ∼8.0 log10CFUS. Enteritidis, and cecal colonization byS. Enteritidis was ascertained (n= 10 chicks/experiment) after 24 h (day 9). Six birds from each treatment group were euthanized on days 7 and 10 after inoculation, and cecalS. Enteritidis numbers were determined. TC at 0.5 or 0.75% and EG at 0.75 or 1% consistently reduced (P< 0.05)S. Enteritidis in the cecum (≥3 log10CFU/g) after 10 days of infection in all experiments. Feed intake and body weight were not different for TC treatments (P> 0.05); however, EG supplementation led to significantly lower (P< 0.05) body weights. Follow-upin vitroexperiments revealed that the subinhibitory concentrations (SICs, the concentrations that did not inhibitSalmonellagrowth) of TC and EG reduced the motility and invasive abilities ofS. Enteritidis and downregulated expression of the motility genesflhCandmotAand invasion geneshilA,hilD, andinvF. The results suggest that supplementation with TC and EG through feed can reduceS. Enteritidis colonization in chickens.
Polypeptides such as polylysine have been shown to catalyze the condensation and direct the structure of silica from precursor solutions under ambient conditions. Several of the reaction parameters have been shown to mediate this activity. Specifically, mechanical perturbation seems to play a role in the formation of hierarchical structures. Most studies have been conducted in solution, but biomedical and particularly dental applications will likely require control of biosilicified coatings, films or particle formation on surfaces. Tetraethylorthosilicate was reacted with polylysine and then spin coated onto a surface. The process parameters catalyst structure, pH, buffer: ethanol ratio and percentage of cocatalyst polyethyleneimine were varied to determine their effects on the formed silica. The chemical nature and morphology of the silica were investigated with FTIR and SEM, respectively and reaction rates were monitored with a colorimetric assay. Our results show that these process parameters had only minor effects on composition, but the catalyst conformation influenced the degree of hydration while the pH, choice of solvent and cocatalyst strongly influenced morphology. We also found that perturbation from spin coating significantly influences the silicification dynamics. The ability to catalyze nano- to micron-sized mineral with different morphologies using polypeptides could have numerous dental applications including, sealing of dentin tubules, in situ reinforcement of resin interfaces or preparation of implant surfaces.
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