The problem in this study comes from research data which shows that the students' higher-order thinking skills are still low and the teacher has not developed an optimal higher-order thinking skills ability test instrument. The purpose of this study was to develop and determine the level of validity of the test instrument for higher-order thinking skills on the concept of the digestive system in graders of 8 th junior high school. This study uses research and development which refers to the model of development of Borg and Gall with the restriction to five steps which includes potentials and problems, data collections, design of product, product of validation, and product of revision. The product produced in this research and development is in the form of a test instrument for higher-order thinking skills on the concept of the digestive system in graders of 8 th junior high school which consists of 27 questions. The results of the average percentage score of the 27 validation questions are 98% consisting of the validation results of material experts 99%, evaluation experts 97%, and educators 99%. It can be concluded that the 27 questions developed 100% are in the very valid category.
To improve cardiovascular health, the WHO recommends 60 minutes of frequent moderate intensity physical activity in childhood. ACSM also recommends physical activity 30 minutes moderate activity or 30 minutes vigorous intensity, 3-4 times per week. However, limited data concerned in exercise starting from childhood effect to oxidative stress marker in vascular. Therefore the long-term effects of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training in early age on the cardiovascular, specifically on vascular stress oxidative marker needed to be studied. This study was conducted on male Wistar rats aged 3 weeks (60-70 grams), randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) control group and 2) training group. Aerobic exercise training was conducted for 8 weeks on treadmill with age-dependent speeds. Training was intermittently 5 days each week for 20 minutes. Vascular oxidative stress marker was analyzed by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity on the abdominal aorta. Both the levels of MDA and SOD activity tended to increase in training group compared to the control group. The resuls of this study showed that long-term effects of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training in juvenile tended to increase the levels of MDA and specific SOD activity in the abdominal aorta tissues.
Zodia (Evodia suaveolens) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai aroma yang tajam pada bagian bunga dan daunnya dan dipercaya dapat mengusir nyamuk. Daun Zodia mengandung minyak atsiri evodiamine dan rutaecarpine yang tidak disukai oleh nyamuk. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menilai efektivitas repelen losion mengandung minyak atsiri daun Zodia pada konsentrasi 1%, 1.5% dan 2%. Metodenya dengan iosion yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan minyak atsiri hasil isolasi dari daun Zodia pada konsentrasi 1%, 1,5% dan 2% ke dalam formulasi sediaan losion yang terdiri dari asam stearat, setil alkohol, parafin cair, dimetikon, vaselin kuning, trietanolamin dan asam sitrat. Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara memasukkan lengan secara bergantian antara lengan yang diberi perlakuan (losion) dan kontrol (tidak diberi perlakuan) ke dalam kurungan nyamuk yang berisi 25 ekor nyamuk Aedes aegypti, kemudian dihitung jumlah nyamuk yang hinggap setiap jam selama enam jam. Efikasi repelan ditentukan berdasarkan daya proteksi yang dihitung dengan rumus : Daya proteksi (DP) =( K - R)/K x 100%; K = banyaknya hinggapan pada lengan control; R = banyaknya hinggapan pada lengan pelakuan. Hasil penelitian losion mengandung minyak atsiri daun zodia pada konsentrasi 1%, 1,5% dan 2% berpotensi sebagai pengusir nyamuk (repelan) Aedes aegypti dengan daya proteksi rata-rata selama enam jam berturut-turut adalah sebesar 74,50%, 75,39% dan 82,45%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada daya proteksi antara ke 3 konsentrasi losion (p>0.05) Losion mengandung minyak atsiri daun zodiac pada konsetrasi 1%, 1,5% dan 2% memiliki efektivitas sebagai repelen. Daya proteksi tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh losion yang mengandung minyak atsiri daun Zodia 2% yaitu sebesar 82.45%.
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