Purpose: To assess the levels of pesticide residues in commonly used vegetables in Vietnam as a reference for future monitoring. Methods: A total of 180 samples of six different fresh vegetables including watercress, mustard green, choy sum, daikon, okra, and yam were analyzed from Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ten popular pesticides were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after extraction with a multi-residue method (QuEChERS method). Results: The results were assessed according to the maximum residue limit (MRL) provided by Codex for each pesticide in each commodity. Pesticide residues above the MRL were detected in 107 samples (59 %) and 63 samples (47 %) contained residues below the MRL. Multiple residues were present in 38.3% of the samples with two to five pesticides, and 0.6 % of samples were contaminated with more than five pesticide residues. Of the pesticides investigated, eight pesticides were detected, of which abamectin, alpha-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos- ethyl, chlorantraniliprole, fenobucarb, fipronil, and trichlorfon exceeded their MRLs. Pesticide residues were detected above MRLs in samples of watercress (14 samples), mustard green (24 samples), choy sum (25 samples), daikon (26 samples), and yam (18 samples). Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and fipronil were detected in most of the vegetable samples (100% and 89.44%, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate the occurrence of pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables in Vietnam. The need for the regular monitoring of pesticide residues and the sensitization of farmers to better pesticide safety practices, especially the need to adhere to recommended pre-harvest intervals is recommended.
The mangrove plant, Avicennia officinalis (L.), has long been utilized as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. In this study, p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid were employed to simultaneously quantify common phenolic acids from leaf extract using a high-performance liquid chromatography method and a diode array detector. With a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, 0.2% ammonium acetate/0.1% formic acid in the water, and methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm); detection was carried out at 280 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), respectively, were 0.025 mg/mL and 0.05 mg/mL. The recovery varied between 92.16 and 104.69%, whereas the relative standard deviations of intra-and inter-day analyses ranged from 1.71 to 3.22%. The validated approach was effectively used to analyze the bioactive ingredients in A. officinalis, and it could be a helpful process for maintaining the quality of this plant. Additionally, the bioactive substances found in the plant's leaves have a great deal of potential to become a source of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
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