Abstract:Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in Indonesia. Glyphosate persistence between 55 days to 3 years. Widespread and uncontrolled use can cause weeds to become resistant and residue contaminates the soil and water environment. Due to the residual impact of glyphosate, it is necessary to identify a method that can increase the degradation of glyphosate. Several studies have shown that glyphosate can be degraded by microorganisms (fungi, rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria), some of which are members of plant growth-promoting bacteria. This study used the bacteria Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sp and Pseudomonas fluorescens. These three types of bacteria have growthpromoting properties and potentially increase glyphosate degradation. Results of chromatogram on the residual test of glyphosate in liquid medium and soil containing glyphosate showed that glyphosate residue decreased with the addition of bacterial treatment when compared to control. The percentage of degradation in liquid medium are 96.06% by Enterobacter cloacae, 57% by Enterobacter spand 93.45% by Pseudomonas fluorescens.The percentage of degradation in soil medium are 4.32% by Enterobacter cloacae, 23.49% by Enterobacter spand 12.19% by Pseudomonas fluorescens.A positive result indicates that bacterial growth boosters from the plant (endophyte) as well as the area of rooting (rhizosphere) have additional potential as biofertilizer, bio stimulant, bio protectant but also as bio degradator pollutants such as the herbicide glyphosate.
Objectives of the research were to examine the antagonist effect of Streptomyces on spore germination and fungal mycelium growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. The isolates of Streptomyces was collected from the rhizosphere soil of tomato and chili orchards in Malang. Streptomyces isolation was done through dilution method and isolates was grown in Glucose Nitrate Agar media. The antagonist test between Streptomyces and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was tested using dual culture methods. The effect of Streptomyces antibiotic on the germination of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici conidia was examined on slide glass. Result of the research gained 8 isolates of tomato and 3 isolates of chili. Five isolates of tomato and 3 isolates of chili produces antibiotics which caused swelling and bubbling up of the cell walls, both spore and fungal mycelium of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Damages on the cell walls inhibit the spore germination of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici for about 67 -99 %. The isolates also inhibit the mycelium growth for about 47-81%.
<p>Ketcrganlungan pada insektisida kimia dalam pengendalian serangga hama kapas merupakan salah satu alasan pemanfaatan patogen serangga, khususnya S/NPV untuk mengendalikan larva S. litura. Mcskipun secara tcknis agen pengendalian ini cukup potensial mengendalikan hama sasaran, tetapi pemanfaatannya secara luas masih menghadapi banyak kendala, salah satunya adalah tcrbalasnya produk komersial yang menyebabkan aplikasi kurang optimal. Fcnomena transmisi vetikal S/NPV pada generasi hama bcikutnya cukup berpotensi mengendalikan inangnya secara langsung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di l-aboratorium Hama Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang, mulai April hingga Agustus 2002. Tujuannya adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai pengaruh dosis subletal S/NPV pada perkembangan larva S. lilura dan potensinya dalam mentransmisikan infeksi S/NPV pada generasi bcrikutnya (FI). Penelitian disusun secara faktorial dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor. Faktor petama adalah instar larva S. litura terdiri atas dua taraf, yailu: (1) instar ketiga, dan (2) instar kelima. Faktor kedua adalah dosis subletal S/NPV terdiri atas liga laraf, yaitu 5000. 50 000: dan 500 000 PlB'larva. Sebagai pembanding perlakuan digunakan kontrol (tanpa perlakuan S/NPV), dan setiap perlakuan diulang empat kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh dosis subletal S/NPV pada larva S. litura instar ketiga dan kelima, selain menyebabkan motalitas larva, juga mengurangi bobot pupa dan jumlah lelur Larva instar ketiga lebih peka icrhadap infeksi S/NPV yang menyebabkan pupanya mcmiliki bobol (erendah, yaitu 211.5 mg pada laraf dosis 50 000 PIB/larva. Rendahnya bobol pupa berkorelasi positif dengan menurunnya jumlah telur imago, yaitu hanya mencapai 30% (502 butir) dari jumlah telur pada kontrol Peningkatan laraf dosis subletal meningkatkan persentase telur ter¬ kontaminasi polihedra, yaitu tertinggi 24% pada taraf dosis 500 000 PIB/larva, dan juga menurunkan daya tetas telur. Sterilisasi berpotensi menghambat transmisi vetikal S/NPV pada generasi berikutnya (FI), sehingga menurunkan persentase motalitas larva neonate FI. Tanpa sterilisasi pada lelur, motalitas larva neonate IT mencapai t 20%, tetapi dengan sterilisasi menyebabkan motalilas larva rendah yaitu t 5%.</p><p>Kata kunci : Dosis subletal, entomopatogen S/NPV, transmisi vertikal, S. litura, instar, mortalitas, pupa, neonate, cpizootik. kapas</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Sublelhal dose of SINPV and its effects on vertical transmission on larvae of Spodoptera litura</p><p>One reason of the use of cnlomopathogen is to reduce chemical inscctisides application on cotton pest insect control S/NPV is one of ihe effective entomopathogen to control S. litura larvae. Technically, this biological agent is effective to control the insect pest, however it is not used widely because of its limited commercial product. Solving this problem is needed such as searching for another information about killing potential of S/NPV to the next generation of the insect pest, especially to anticipate the less frequency of its application. Therefore, infection through vetical transmission is one of ihe solutions. The research were conducted al the Laboratory of F-ntomology of Indonesian Tobacco and Fibre Crops Research Institute (ITOFCRI), Malang, from April to August 2003. The aim of the study was to get information about sublcthal doses of S/NPV and its effect to S litura larvae development and vetical transmission potency to Ihe next larval generation (FI) of Ihe insect pesl. This study was arranged in factorial by using Randomized Block Design with 2 factors: (1) instar of larvae (third and fith instar), (2) sublethal doses of S/NPV (5 000; 50 000, and 500 000 PIB.larvac) and one control (untreated) as a comparison to treatments. The result showed thai the effect of sublelhal doses of S/NPV on (he third and fith instars of S. litura larvae was nol only caused mortality, but also less pupal weight and egg numbers. The third instar of larvae was more susceptible to S/NPV infection which caused lowest weight of pupae ca. 211.5 mg at 50 000 PIB/larva level of dose. There was positive correlation between less pupal weight and decreased of egg numbers which only 30% (502 eggs) of that in control Increasing sublethal dose of S/NPV would increased polyhcdra- contaminatcd eggs by 24% at 500 000 PIB/larvae and decrease the egg hatch. Egg surface sterilization would obstruct vetical transmission of S/NPV to their new generation of larvae (FI), so it decreases the percentage of neonate larval motality rom 20% to 5% when untreated and treated surface egg sterilization, respectively.</p><p>Key words: Sublethal dose, entomopathogenic S/NPV. vetical transmission, S. lilura, instar, mortality, pupae, neonate, epizootic, cotton</p>
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