Recent and historical studies of earthquake-induced liquefaction, as well as paleoliquefaction studies, demonstrate the potential usefulness of liquefaction data in the assessment of the earthquake potential of seismic sources. Paleoliquefaction studies, along with other paleoseismology studies, supplement historical and instrumental seismicity and provide information about the long-term behavior of earthquake sources. Paleoliquefaction studies focus on soft-sediment deformation features, including sand blows and sand dikes, which result from strong ground shaking. Most paleoliquefaction studies have been conducted in intraplate geologic settings, but a few such studies have been carried out in interplate settings. Paleoliquefaction studies provide information about timing, location, magnitude, and recurrence of large paleoearthquakes, particularly those with moment magnitude, M, greater than 6 during the past 50,000 years. This review paper presents background information on earthquake-induced liquefaction and resulting soft-sediment deformation features that may be preserved in the geologic record, best practices used in paleoliquefaction studies, and application of paleoliquefaction data in earthquake source characterization. The paper concludes with two examples of regional paleoliquefaction studies-in the Charleston seismic zone and the New Madrid seismic zone in the southeastern and central United States, respectively-which contributed to seismic source models used in earthquake hazard assessment.the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States (US) (e.g., ), the Charleston seismic zone in the southeastern US (e.g., References [9-12]), and the Charlevoix seismic zone in southeastern Canada [13], where large historical earthquakes are known to have induced liquefaction ( Figure 1). They have been carried out in the Wabash Valley (e.g., References [14,15]) and the Eastern Tennessee [16] seismic zones, where only small to moderate earthquakes occurred during the historical period. In addition, paleoliquefaction studies were conducted in interplate settings like the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean and the Pacific Northwest in the US, where subduction zones and crustal faults pose a significant seismic hazard (e.g., References [3,[17][18][19][20]). Paleoliquefaction studies have been conducted in a lacustrine setting in eastern Turkey [21] and a volcanic setting in southern Italy [22]. Studies focusing on soft-sediment deformation structures in lacustrine deposits were reported for southern Italy [23], Mexico [24], and Argentina [25]. Recently, several paleoliquefaction studies were carried out in the Canterbury region of New Zealand, where a system of crustal faults, some of which did not rupture the surface, produced the 2010-2011 sequence of earthquakes and caused extensive and recurrent liquefaction (e.g., References [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]).Paleoliquefaction data were used to develop seismic source models for the US national seismic hazard maps [33,34] and for t...
TUTTLE ENGINEERING NOTES ON HAWAII. fall is recorded at eighty stations and that more or less complete meteorological observations are being made regularly at 5 points, in addition to the Honolulu station. Besides these records there are a large number of others which are not reported, nearly every ranch and plantation having at least one gauge in use. Kainfall on the islands presents all of the phenomenon usually found on large land surfaces, being low at the coast on the windward side, increasing with the elevation towards the cool high summits in the interior, and diminishing as the lee or southwestern coast is approached. Most of the readings are taken at the lower elevations, which are usually the populated sections, but a few are available for points well up on the slopes, the highest being at 4 000 ft. elevation at Kilauea, Hawaii. The records of normal rainfall show an annual range of from 8.5 ins. at elevation 15 ft. above the sea, at Olowalu, on the leeward side of Maui, to 190 ins. at elevation 1 250 ft. at Kaumana, on the windward slope of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The maximum rainfall record for a year, of which the writer has knowledge, occurred at Nahiku, Maui, and was 400 ins. The dry season of 1901 in Hawaii marked a drought of unusual severity, and was followed in December by a storm which seemed to center at Laupahoehoe, on the north coast, where the precipitation aggregated over 41 ins. during 28 hours, the measuring gauge having been located at 500 ft. elevation; this was a purely local storm, but the one of March, 1902, swept along the entire windward coast of Hawaii, and registered the maximum at elevation 2 000 ft. at Paauilo, where the rainfall for 8 days was 87.91 ins. One of the most intense Hawaiian storms of record occurred on March 18th, 1902, at Luakaha, back of Honolulu, elevation 850 ft. ; here the precipitation was 12.7 ins. in 11 hours and 55 minutes, the maximum rate noted having been 5.55 ins. in 55 minutes. An analysis of the records along the westerly end of the north coast of Hawaii shows that, during the months, May to October, the rainfall is from 30% to 40% less than in the remaining six months, and that there is an increase in rainfall with increase in elevation above the sea, probably not averaging more than 3.5 ins. per annum per 100 ft. Within the limits of Honolulu, records are kept at no less than 8 points, located at elevations between 10 ft. and 80 ft. above tide; the HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTER'S EXPERIMENT STATION AT HONOLULU. OLD TRAM CAR LINE OF HONOLULU, RECENTLY LARGELY SUPPLANTED BY A MODEF OVERHEAD TROLLEY.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.