Engineering notes on Hawaii

Abstract

TUTTLE ENGINEERING NOTES ON HAWAII. fall is recorded at eighty stations and that more or less complete meteorological observations are being made regularly at 5 points, in addition to the Honolulu station. Besides these records there are a large number of others which are not reported, nearly every ranch and plantation having at least one gauge in use. Kainfall on the islands presents all of the phenomenon usually found on large land surfaces, being low at the coast on the windward side, increasing with the elevation towards the cool high summits in the interior, and diminishing as the lee or southwestern coast is approached. Most of the readings are taken at the lower elevations, which are usually the populated sections, but a few are available for points well up on the slopes, the highest being at 4 000 ft. elevation at Kilauea, Hawaii. The records of normal rainfall show an annual range of from 8.5 ins. at elevation 15 ft. above the sea, at Olowalu, on the leeward side of Maui, to 190 ins. at elevation 1 250 ft. at Kaumana, on the windward slope of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The maximum rainfall record for a year, of which the writer has knowledge, occurred at Nahiku, Maui, and was 400 ins. The dry season of 1901 in Hawaii marked a drought of unusual severity, and was followed in December by a storm which seemed to center at Laupahoehoe, on the north coast, where the precipitation aggregated over 41 ins. during 28 hours, the measuring gauge having been located at 500 ft. elevation; this was a purely local storm, but the one of March, 1902, swept along the entire windward coast of Hawaii, and registered the maximum at elevation 2 000 ft. at Paauilo, where the rainfall for 8 days was 87.91 ins. One of the most intense Hawaiian storms of record occurred on March 18th, 1902, at Luakaha, back of Honolulu, elevation 850 ft. ; here the precipitation was 12.7 ins. in 11 hours and 55 minutes, the maximum rate noted having been 5.55 ins. in 55 minutes. An analysis of the records along the westerly end of the north coast of Hawaii shows that, during the months, May to October, the rainfall is from 30% to 40% less than in the remaining six months, and that there is an increase in rainfall with increase in elevation above the sea, probably not averaging more than 3.5 ins. per annum per 100 ft. Within the limits of Honolulu, records are kept at no less than 8 points, located at elevations between 10 ft. and 80 ft. above tide; the HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTER'S EXPERIMENT STATION AT HONOLULU. OLD TRAM CAR LINE OF HONOLULU, RECENTLY LARGELY SUPPLANTED BY A MODEF OVERHEAD TROLLEY.

Early Forebrain Wiring: Genetic Dissection Using Conditional Celsr3 Mutant Mice

“…Our results have implications for the mechanisms of brain wiring and the function of Celsr3. Demonstrated in invertebrates (20), a role of guidepost cells in axonal navigation in mammals has been repeatedly proposed (21)(22)(23)(24). Our results demonstrate that they indeed play a crucial function that requires Celsr3 expression (the role of other molecules implicated in thalamocortical and CST fiber nagivation is discussed briefly in SOM).…”