An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.

A low-cost and simple drop-casting method was used to fabricate a carbon nanodot (C-dot)/all-inorganic perovskite (CsPbBr3) nanosheet bilayer heterojunction photodetector on a SiO2/Si substrate. The C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction photodetector shows a high performance with a responsivity (R) of 1.09 A/W, almost five times higher than that of a CsPbBr3-based photodetector (0.21 A/W). In addition, the hybrid photodetector exhibits a fast response speed of 1.318/1.342 µs and a highly stable photocurrent of 6.97 µA at 10 V bias voltage. These figures of merits are comparable with, or much better than, most reported perovskite heterojunction photodetectors. UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescent spectra measurements reveal that the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction has a band gap similar to the pure perovskite layer, confirming that the absorption and emission in the bilayer heterojunction is dominated by the top layer of the perovskite. Moreover, the emission intensity of the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction is less than that of the pure perovskite layer, indicating that a significant number of charges were extracted by the C-dot layer. The studied band alignment of the C-dots and perovskites in the dark and under emission reveals that the photodetector has a highly efficient charge separation mechanism at the C-dot/perovskite interface, where the recombination rate between photogenerated electrons and holes is significantly reduced. This highly efficient charge separation mechanism is the main reason behind the enhanced performance of the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction photodetector.

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Herein, a simple, economical and low temperature synthesis of leaf-shaped CuO nanosheets is reported. As-synthesized CuO was examined through different techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy to ascertain the purity, crystal phase, morphology, vibrational, optical and diffraction features. FESEM and TEM images revealed a thin leaf-like morphology for CuO nanosheets. An interplanar distance of ~0.25 nm corresponding to the (110) diffraction plane of the monoclinic phase of the CuO was revealed from the HRTEM images XRD analysis indicated a monoclinic tenorite crystalline phase of the synthesized CuO nanosheets. The average crystallite size for leaf-shaped CuO nanosheets was found to be 14.28 nm. Furthermore, a chemo-resistive-type gas sensor based on leaf-shaped CuO nanosheets was fabricated to effectively and selectively detect H2S gas. The fabricated sensor showed maximum gas response at an optimized temperature of 300 °C towards 200 ppm H2S gas. The corresponding response and recovery times were 97 s and 100 s, respectively. The leaf-shaped CuO nanosheets-based gas sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity towards H2S gas as compared to other analyte gases including NH3, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CO and H2. Finally, we have proposed a gas sensing mechanism based upon the formation of chemo-resistive CuO nanosheets.

Safety and critical applications employ fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS) to increase reliability and availability in the event of a failure of critical components. Process facilities may employ these technologies to cut down on production losses caused by equipment failures that occur on an irregular or unscheduled basis. Air–fuel ratio (AFR) adjustment in the fuel system of internal combustion engines (ICE) is crucial for enhancing engine efficiency, saving fuel energy, and safeguarding the environment. This paper proposes a novel hybrid fault-tolerant control system (HFTCS) for controlling the AFR in ICEs that combines the features of both an active fault-tolerant control system (AFTCS) and a passive fault-tolerant control system (PFTCS). The fault detection and isolation (FDI) unit is designed using fuzzy logic (FL) as part of an AFTCS to give estimated sensor values to the engine controller when the sensor becomes faulty. Super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC) is implemented as part of a PFTCS to maintain AFR by adjusting the throttle actuator in the fuel supply line under faulty conditions. Lyapunov stability analysis is also performed to make sure that the system remains stable in both normal and faulty conditions. According to the results in the Matlab/Simulink environment, the suggested system stays robust and stable during sensor faults. In faulty situations, it also maintains the AFR at 14.6 without any degradation, and a comparison with previous studies is carried out. The study shows that the suggested approach is an innovative and highly dependable solution for AFR control in ICEs, preventing engine shutdown and output loss for higher profitability.

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Summary Metal ions and oxygen vacancies (Vo) in resistive switching (RS) material play a crucial role in nonvolatile low power consuming memory devices. Performed first principle calculations investigate the impact of Cu dopant as well as collective effect of Cu + Vo on cubic ATiO3 (A = Ba, Be and Mg). Utilization of GGA + U for including coulombic effect with nonlocal exchange and exchange correlation functional has made the results more accurate. Structural properties, defect states formation in the bandgap region, and formation energy have been studied. Orbital contributions of each atom in valance band and conduction band region have been determined to explore the influence of Cu doping and Cu + Vo on electronic properties of optimized ATiO3. Among the studied materials, BeTiCuO3 + Vo is found to have least oxygen vacancy formation energy (EOVFE) and highest conductivity. The clustering of Vo around the dopant is noted, which leads to the formation of conducting filaments (CFs). These CFs play pivotal role in switching mechanism for low potential RRAM and allied devices.

A low-profile Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna showing dual polarization, low mutual coupling, and acceptable diversity gain is presented by this paper. The antenna introduces the requirements of fifth generation (5G) and the satellite communications. A horizontally (4.8–31 GHz) and vertically polarized (7.6–37 GHz) modified antipodal Vivaldi antennas are simulated, fabricated, and integrated, and then their characteristics are examined. An ultra-wideband (UWB) at working bandwidths of 3.7–3.85 GHz and 5–40 GHz are achieved. Low mutual coupling of less than −22 dB is achieved after loading the antenna with cross-curves, staircase meander line, and integration of the metamaterial elements. The antennas are designed on a denim textile substrate with = 1.4 and h= 0.5 mm. A conductive textile called ShieldIt is utilized as conductor with conductivity of 1.8 × 104. After optimizing the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna’s characteristics, it is increased to four elements positioned at the four corners of a denim textile substrate to be employed as a UWB-MIMO antenna for handset communications, 5G, Ka and Ku band, and satellite communications (X-band). The proposed eight port UWB-MIMO antenna has a maximum gain of 10.7 dBi, 98% radiation efficiency, less than 0.01 ECC, and acceptable diversity gain. Afterwards, the eight-ports antenna performance is examined on a simulated real voxel hand and chest. Then, it is evaluated and compared on physical hand and chest of body. Evidently, the simulated and measured results show good agreement between them. The proposed UWB-MIMO antenna offers a compact and flexible design, which is suitably wearable for 5G and satellite communications applications.