Purpose To evaluate the presence of fungi in patients with chronic anterior blepharitis with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of the eyelashes in addition to the conventional methods of fungal cultures and direct microscopy. Methods Nineteen patients with chronic anterior blepharitis of seborrheic or mixed seborrheic/staphylococcal type and 11 healthy age-and sex-matched controls were included in this prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. Blepharitis was diagnosed based on clinical evidence of greasy scales between the cilia, lid margin erythema, conjunctival hyperemia, telangiectasia, thickening, or irregularity of the eyelid margins by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Eyelash samples were obtained by epilation with a sterile forceps and evaluated with PAS staining, fungal cultures, and direct microscopy. Results We demonstrated fungal elements with PAS staining in 79% of the blepharitis group (hyphae and/or spores) and 18% of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.002). Four patients in the blepharitis group (21%) had positive cultures for fungi. The isolated fungi were Penicillium species (2 cases), Candida species (1 case), and Trichophyton verrucosum (1 case). Direct microscopic examination revealed Demodex mites in 42.1% of the blepharitis group. No culture growth or Demodex mites were observed in the control group. Conclusions We have shown fungi with PAS staining in the majority of patients with chronic anterior blepharitis. Further controlled studies are necessary to clarify the role of fungi in the etiopathogenesis of blepharitis.

We can conclude that cytokine production is more obvious in HD process.

Amaç: Pseudomonas aeruginosa özellikle hastanede yatan hastalarda ve bağışıklık sistemi zayıflamış bireylerde ciddi ve hayatı tehdit edici enfeksiyonların iyi bilinen bir etkenidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı P. aeruginosa suşlarında antibiyotik duyarlılık profilinin belirlenmesidir. Yöntem: Eylül 2011 -Nisan 2013 arasında hastanemize başvuran hastaların çeşitli klinik örneklerinden izole edilen toplam 137 P. aeruginosa suşu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Suşların identifikasyonu ve antibiyotik duyarlılık profilleri VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, Fransa) otomatize sistemi ile belirlendi. Bulgular: İzolatlarda direnç oranları amikasine %43, gentamisine %38, seftazidime %42, sefepime %40, sefoperazon-sulbaktama %44, siprofloksasine %47, levofloksasine %47, piperasiline %72, piperasilintazobaktama %71, imipeneme %37, meropeneme %37, doripeneme %41, kolistine %7 ve netilmisine %28 olarak belirlendi. Kolistin P. aeruginosa suşlarına en etkili antimikrobiyal ajan olarak saptandı. Yoğun bakım izolatlarında direnç oranları klinik izolatlarına göre daha dirençli bulundu. Sonuç: Hastanemizde izole edilen P. aeruginosa suşlarında gözlenen yüksek antibiyotik direnci ve çoklu-direnç özellikleri diğer çalışmalara benzer bulundu. P. aeruginosa izolatlarında yüksek antibiyoik direnç oranlarının saptanmış olması hastanede antibiyotik kullanımı ile ilgili etkili politikalar geliştirilerek uygun bir enfeksiyon kontrol programı uygulanmasını gerektirmektedir.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in community and hospital-acquired infections. Macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) group antibiotics have frequently been preferred. In this study, it was aimed to determine MLSB group antibiotics resistance phenotypes observed in S. aureus strains. A total of 182 S. aureus strains were included in the study. Methicillin resistance was assessed using the cefoxitin (30μg) disc, MLSB resistance phenotypes were assessed using D zone test with erythromycin (15μg) and clindamycin (2μg) discs according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Of the strains included in the study, 38 (20.9%) methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) and 144 (79.1%) methicillin-susceptible S.aureus (MSSA) were identified. MLSB resistance phenotype was found in 65 (35.7%) strains. MLSB resistance was found 84% in MRSA strains and 23% in MSSA strains: There was statistically significant between MRSA and MSSA strains. Constitutional MLSB resistance was found higher in MRSA strains (71%) and however, in MSSA strains was higher inducibleMLSB resistance (16.5%). It is suggested that, using the D test method in routine antibiotic susceptibility testing and determining resistance phenotypes in microbiology laboratories is the right approach and may play an important role in the prevention of treatment failure according to the substantial proportion of inducible resistance MLSB resistance observed.

Dermatophytes are rarely taken into account among the causes of blepharitis. In our report, we describe a 69-year-old man and a 40-year-old woman with chronic blepharitis for 10 years and 4 years respectively, in whom we examined the scales and pulled eyelashes on direct microscopy and isolated Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton verrrucosum in the culture. We emphasise that dermatophytes may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of chronic blepharitis. In chronic, treatment resistance blepharitis fungal infections may be considered as possible cause.