This study provides the evidence of increased serum gastrointestinal motility hormone concentrations including ghrelin, motilin and gastrin in cattle with displacement of abomasum (DA). In this study, 38 cows with DA (21 left DA (LDA) and 17 right DA (RDA)) and 15 healthy controls were included. All cattle with DA were at the stage of postpartum one to eight weeks, and had clinical signs including anorexia, decreased milk yield and scanty, pasty faeces. Serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations, and leptin concentration which is a functional antagonist of ghrelin, were determined by ELISA. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Na, K, Cl, Ca and P concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer. In serum biochemical analysis, increases were seen on the serum ALT, AST and GGT activities; however, serum Na, K, Cl and P concentrations decreased in abomasal displacement compared with the control animals. The serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations increased in the cattle with LDA and RDA, as compared with those in the healthy controls. On the other hand, serum leptin concentration decreased in the cattle with DA compared with the controls. Increases in the serum ghrelin, motilin and gastrin concentrations might be attributed to activation of gastrointestinal motility hormones to enhance of gastric emptying in impaired gastric motility and/or outlet occlusion in displaced abomasum.

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Objective: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is common nutritional deficiency particularly in women and also common during the older age. Aging increases plasma levels of inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. However, there is little information about changes in antimicrobial proteins in elderly women with IDA. In this study, we aimed to determine the changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and newly discovered antimicrobial proteins like hepcidin, chemerin and defensin in elderly women with IDA. Methods: Blood samples taken from healthy 20 women (55±7 years old) and 20 women with iron deficiency anemia (58±6) were used as material of the study that came to the Cankiri State Hospital in 2016 and 2017 years. Results: In the study, plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (P <0.01), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P <0.05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (P <0.05) were significantly increased in group with IDA when compared with healthy group. Also plasma hepcidin (P <0.001), chemerin (P <0.05) and defensin levels (P <0.05) were determined significantly higher than the healthy group. Conclusion: We found that inflammatory changes occur in elderly women with IDA. Besides pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), antimicrobial protein levels (hepcidin, chemerin, defensin) were found higher in elderly women with IDA because of inflammatory changes. How to cite this:Askar S, Deveboynu SN, Hilal ER, Askar TK, Adnan Adil Hismiogullari5. Changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial proteins in elderly women with iron deficiency anemia. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.520 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background. Anemia is a disease that is long and often repetitive and can result in a great burden to the national economy. The most frequent nutritional deficiency anemias in children are related with iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies.

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