Objective:The aim of this study was to determine alterations in microhardness of crown dentin and enamel, after 2 and 12-month storage in de-ionized water, 0.2% glutaraldehyde, Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), 0.1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 0.1% thymol.Materials and Methods:Freshly extracted, nonsterile 60 intact human premolars were distributed to five groups. Six teeth from each group were evaluated after two, and other six teeth were evaluated after 12 months storage. After grinding and polishing of teeth, Vickers hardness was evaluated with making indentations on enamel and dentin, using a pyramid diamond indenter tip exerting 100 g load for 15 s.Results:After 2 months storage in solutions, range of the hardness values (HV) of enamel and dentin were in between 315–357 and 64–67, respectively. However, 12 months storage of the teeth resulted in a statistically significant decrease in microhardness when compared to microhardness of teeth stored for 2 months (P = 0.001). Although the differences were not significant regarding solutions, all solutions decreased the microhardness both in enamel and dentin (P > 0.05). However, decrease in microhardness was relatively less in de-ionized water and thymol solutions while glutaraldehyde decreased microhardness the most: 63% for enamel and 53% for dentin.Conclusions:Microhardness of enamel and dentin was in an acceptable range when teeth were stored for 2 months in de-ionized water, glutaraldehyde, HBSS, NaOCl or in thymol; thus, teeth kept up to 2 months in these solutions can be used for mechanical in vitro tests. However, 12 months storage significantly decreased the microhardness of enamel and dentin.
All surface treatments were found to be effective methods to achieve a durable bond between zirconia posts to resin cement.
Intracanal CHX rinse of EDTA/NaOCl-treated root dentine enhanced the fracture resistance of roots filled with AH Plus.
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the smear layer removal and erosive capacity of various irrigation solutions with sequential use of NaOCl on instrumented root canal walls.MethodsThe root canals of single-rooted teeth were instrumented with ProTaper rotary instrument. Then, the teeth were randomly divided into five experimental groups. The root canals were irrigated with one of the following solutions (5 mL/1 min): 5 % EDTA, 5 % boric acid (BA), a mixture of BA and CA, 2.5 % citric acid (CA) and 5 % Desy Clean. After irrigating with 2.5 % NaOCl and distilled water, the roots were split into two halves and each half was prepared for SEM examination. Representative photographs were taken from each third at x500 and x1000 magnifications. Double blind scoring was performed by two calibrated observers for smear layer and erosion. The scores were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn’s post hoc and Spearman’s correlation tests (p = 0.05).ResultsThere were statistically significant differences among the solutions by means of smear layer and erosion (p < 0.05). While 2.5 % CA solution was the most effective solution in removal of smear layer, it was also the most erosive solution (p < 0.05). 5 % Desy Clean removed smear layer effectively and caused less erosion. There was a negative, but statistically significant correlation between presence of smear layer and erosion (r = −0.684; p < 0.0001).ConclusionDesy Clean can be a promising agent as an irrigation solution with optimal smear layer removal capacity and less erosive effects.
BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the time-dependent effectiveness of the intracanal medicaments used in pulp revascularization on the dislocation resistance of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).MethodsOne hundred ninety-two extracted human maxillary incisor teeth were sectioned apically 12 mm below and coronally 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction. Roots were enlarged to size 40 (Protaper F4). Next, Peeso reamers from #1 to #5 were used sequentially. Sodium hypochlorite (2.5 %), EDTA (17 %), and distilled water were used in final irrigation. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 48): Group 1, in which triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline) was prepared and delivered into the canals using a lentulo spiral; Group 2, in which double antibiotic paste (DAP) (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole) was placed into the canals; Group 3, in which calcium hydroxide paste (CH) (calcium hydroxide + distilled water) was introduced into the roots; and Group 4 (control), in which no medicament was applied into the root canals. Then, the samples were kept in saline solution for 2, 4, and 12 weeks, after which time 16 roots were selected randomly from each group, representing the samples of each time point. After removal of the medicaments, MTA was placed into the coronal third of the roots, and the samples were incubated for 7 days. A push-out test was used to measure the dislocation resistance (DR) of MTA. The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparisons (p = 0.05).ResultsThe time factor displayed a significant effect on the DR of MTA (p < 0.05). All medicaments resulted in significantly smaller DR values after 12 weeks compared to after 1 week (p < 0.05). A significant unfavorable effect of TAP and DAP was observed as early as 2 weeks after the application, while 2 and 4 weeks after the application of CH there was no effect on the DR of MTA. No significant differences were found between the time points in the control group (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe type and the intracanal duration of medicaments used for pulp revascularization should be chosen carefully to provide maximum antimicrobial effect while creating a favorable environment both for stem cell attachment and MTA adhesion.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the intracanal medicaments used in regenerative endodontic treatment on push-out bond strength (PBS) of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (BD). The root canals of 102 maxillary incisors were enlarged to simulate immature roots and were randomly divided into three groups (n D 34): a control group (no intracanal medicament) and two test groups, subjected to calcium hydroxide (CH) or triple antibiotic paste (TAP) medication for two weeks. After the medication removal, each group was divided in two subgroups and the coronal portion of each canal was filled with MTA or BD. After one week of storage, the coronal region of each root was horizontally sectioned and push-out test was performed. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test (P D 0.05). PBS values were significantly affected by the type of material (P < 0.001) and the type of medication used (P D 0.049), but no interaction was found (P D 0.97). The BD group showed significantly higher push-out resistance values than those of the MTA group (P < 0.001). TAP showed the lowest PBS values, which were significantly lower than those of the control group (P D 0.043) but not than those of CH (P D 0.229). After a two-week application period, TAP seemed to decrease the PBS of both cements, while CH did not. BD appeared to have higher PBS compared to MTA, regardless of medication.
Diamond burs provide findings comparable with curettes in root planing.
Background There are few studies in the literature about the effect of obturation techniques on postoperative pain. Besides, GuttaFlow2 was used for the first time in this study regarding postoperative pain. This study aimed to compare the postoperative pain levels and incidence following single-visit root canal treatment with different canal filling techniques; cold lateral compaction (CLC), thermoplasticised solid-core carrier (GuttaCore) based filling and cold free-flow compaction (GuttaFlow2) technique. Methods The patients (n = 93) having single-rooted teeth with a single canal diagnosed with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis or single-rooted vital teeth with a single canal requiring endodontic treatment because of prosthetic reasons were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized into three groups (n = 31) according to the obturation technique. A single operator performed all the treatments in a single visit. Data on obturation levels, postoperative pain and analgesic intake frequency were recorded at postoperative 6, 12 and 24 h and daily afterward until the 7th day. Postoperative pain was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS). The date were statistically analyzed with chi-squared tests (for the analyses of the categorical data), the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (for the comparisons of VAS score) and with the Friedman test (for the assessments of the changes in VAS scores over time). Results The GuttaCore group recorded the higher pain levels, except first 12 h, on the other hand, the GuttaFlow2 group recorded the lower pain levels at all time periods. Significant differences occurred among the groups during the first 4 days (p < 0.05), except at 12 h (p = 0.054). The patients in the CLC and GuttaFlow2 groups did not need to use the prescribed analgesic; however, one patient in the GuttaCore group used it once. Conclusions Postoperative pain levels following root canal therapy were affected by the obturation technique especially first 4 days following obturation.
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